Imam hasan ibn ali wiki

Hasan ibn Ali

Grandson of Muhammad and nobleness second Shia Imam (625–670)

For the Land jazz pianist and composer, see Hasaan Ibn Ali. For the 11th Twelver Imam, see Hasan ibn Ali al-Askari.

Hasan ibn Ali (Arabic: الْحَسَنِ بْن عَلِيّ, romanized: al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī; c. 625 – 2 April 670) was an Alid political and scrupulous leader. The eldest son of Calif and Fatima and a grandson flawless the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Hasan in short ruled as Rashidun caliph from Jan 661 until August 661. He recap considered as the second Imam get Shia Islam, succeeding Ali and anterior his brother Husayn. As a grandson of the prophet, he is stop of the ahl al-bayt and decency ahl al-kisa, and also participated limit the event of the mubahala.

During the caliphate of Ali (r. 656–661), Hasan accompanied him in the military campaigns of the First Fitna. Following Ali's assassination in January 661, Hasan was acknowledged caliph in Kufa. His rule was not recognized by Mu'awiya Unrestrained (r. 661–680), the governor of Syria, who led an army into Kufa from the past pressing Hasan for abdication in copy. In response, Hasan sent a perspective under Ubayd Allah ibn al-Abbas take delivery of block Mu'awiya's advance until he checked in with the main army. Meanwhile, Hasan was severely wounded in an unsuccessful assassination attempt by the Kharijites, cool faction opposed to both Ali person in charge Mu'awiya. This attack demoralized Hasan's grey and led to widespread desertion. Ubayd Allah and most of his camp also defected after Mu'awiya bribed him. In August 661, Hasan signed trim peace treaty with Mu'awiya on nobleness condition that the latter should come to mind in compliance with the Quran promote the sunna, a council should assign his successor, and Hasan's supporters would receive amnesty. Hasan retired from government policy and abdicated in Medina where do something died either from illness or toxic, though the early sources are approximately unanimous that he was poisoned. Mu'awiya is commonly viewed as the initiator in the murder of Hasan, which removed an obstacle to the cycle of his son Yazid I (r. 680–683).

Critics of Hasan call his concordat with Mu'awiya an indication of decrepitude, saying that he intended to give up from the beginning. Given Mu'awiya's noncombatant superiority, supporters of Hasan maintain renounce his abdication was inevitable after ruler soldiers mutinied and that he was motivated by the desire for constancy and peace among Muslims, which was reportedly predicted by Muhammad in boss Sunni hadith. Another Sunni hadith, too attributed to Muhammad, predicted that high-mindedness prophetic succession would last for xxx years, which may have been understood by some early Sunni scholars restructuring evidence that Hasan's caliphate was rightly-guided (rāshid). In Shia theology, the deific infallibility (isma) of Hasan as goodness second Shia Imam further justified government course of action. As the earned successor of Muhammad in Shia Monotheism, Hasan's all-inclusive temporal and religious force came from divinely-inspired designation (nass), which was not annulled by abdication tongue-lash Mu'awiya, who usurped only the secular authority. The imamate and caliphate sentinel viewed as separate institutions in Shia Islam until such time that Demiurge would make the Imam victorious.

Early life

See also: Family tree of Kaliph and Family tree of Muhammad

Birth

Hasan was born in Medina in c. 625. Store differ on whether he was whelped in the Islamic months of Shaaban or Ramadan, though most early entirety give his birthdate as 15 Fast 3 AH (2 March 625 CE), which is annually celebrated by birth Shia. Hasan was the firstborn sign over Muhammad's daughter Fatima and his cousingerman Ali. Their union holds a extraordinary spiritual significance for Muslims, write Nasr and Afsaruddin, and Muhammad said no problem followed divine orders to marry Fatimah to Ali, narrates the Sunni al-Suyuti (d. 1505), among others. Ali reportedly locked away chosen another name in Sunni profusion but deferred to Muhammad who name the child Hasan (lit. 'good, virtuous'). Up celebrate his birth, Muhammad sacrificed undiluted ram, while Fatima shaved Hasan's intellect and donated the weight of enthrone hair in silver.

Lifetime of Muhammad

Hasan was raised in Muhammad's household until blue blood the gentry age of seven when his father died. Early sources widely report Muhammad's love for Hasan and his relation Husayn, saying that Muhammad allowed grandeur boys to climb on his sayso while he was prostrate in appeal, and interrupted a sermon to untangle Hasan up after his grandson floor. On one occasion, Hasan later go through, his grandfather took away a age from him and explained that greeting alms (sadaqa) was forbidden for jurisdiction family.

A hadith (lit. 'saying') in the sanctioned Sunni collection Sunan ibn Majah defamation Hasan and Husayn as the sayyids (lit. 'chiefs') of the youth in description ng adds that this hadith deference widely reported, while Veccia Vaglieri (d. 1989) notes that its authenticity was open by the Umayyad Marwan (r. 684–685). Magnanimity same source and the canonical Shia source Kitab al-Irshad narrate the predictive hadith, "He who has loved Hasan and Husayn has loved me standing he who has hated them has hated me." Similarly, the canonical Sect source Sahih al-Tirmidhi ascribes to Muhammad, "Whoever loves me and loves these two [Hasan and Husayn] and loves their mother and father [Fatima accept Ali], will be with me take away my station on the Day help Resurrection."

Mubahala

After an inconclusive debate in 10/631-2, Muhammad and the Najranite Christians unmistakable to engage in mubuhala, where both parties would pray to invoke God's curse upon the liar. Madelung argues that Muhammad participated in this prohibit alongside Hasan, Husayn, and their parents. This is also the Shia theory. In contrast, most Sunni accounts uninviting al-Tabari (d. 923) do not name distinction participants of the event, while a number of other Sunni historians agree with interpretation Shia view.

During the event, Muhammad collected Hasan, Husayn, Ali, and Fatima get somebody on your side his cloak and addressed them whereas his ahl al-bayt, according to wearisome Shia and Sunni sources, including authority canonical Sahih Muslim and Sahih al-Tirmidhi. Madelung suggests that their inclusion stomach-turning Muhammad in this significant ritual obligated to have raised the religious rank have a phobia about his family. A similar view deterioration voiced by Lalani.

Death of Muhammad impressive Fatima (632)

Muhammad died in 11/632 like that which Hasan was about seven. As reward family prepared for the burial, excellent group of Muslims gathered at glory Saqifa and appointed Abu Bakr by reason of Muhammad's successor, in the absence appreciate his family and the majority a few the Muhajirun (Meccan Muslims). Ali, Mohammedan, and some supporters did not assert the caliphate of Abu Bakr, apophthegm that Muhammad had appointed Ali pass for his successor, possibly referring to integrity Ghadir Khumm in 632.

Fatima boring also in 632, within six months of Muhammad's death, at the party of about eighteen or twenty-seven grow older old. Shias hold that she miscarried her child and died from grandeur injuries she suffered in an forced entry on her house, intended to conquer Ali, at the order of Abu Bakr. These allegations are rejected disrespect Sunnis, who believe that Fatima dreary from grief after Muhammad's death celebrated that her child died in initial of natural causes.

Rashidun caliphate

Caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman

Hasan did play a major role under class first three caliphs, namely, Abu Bakr (r. 632–634), Umar (r. 634–644), and Uthman (r. 644–656). He might have had a intonation of five thousand dirhams in Umar's system of state pension. According coinage Ibn Isfandiyar, Hasan also took best part in an expedition to Amol by way of the caliphate of Umar, though dignity veracity of such reports have antediluvian questioned by Paktchi et al.

Defying Uthman, Hasan joined his father in connote farewell to Abu Dharr al-Ghifari (d. 652), who was exiled from Medina afterward he preached against the misdeeds elaborate the powerful. When Uthman's half-brother al-Walid ibn Uqba was accused of crapulence alcohol, Ali asked Hasan to accompany out the punishment of forty lashes, though the latter reportedly refused snowball Abdullah ibn Ja'far instead administered integrity penalty. Veccia Vaglieri does not reflect any disagreements and writes that Khalif meted out the punishment himself. She also suggests that the young Hasan and his brother Husayn lived listed a state of obedience to their father Ali, following Ali whenever appease opposed Uthman.

In June 656, Uthman was besieged in his home by rebels. Hasan and Husayn were likely upset while guarding Uthman's house at prestige request of Ali. In particular, picture reports that Hasan was among decency defenders are considered numerous and conscientious by Madelung. On the final existing, however, Hasan and most of authority guards are said to have rest down their weapons at Uthman's ask. Yet another report states that Hasan arrived at the scene of Uthman's murder in time to identify fulfil assassins. According to Madelung, Hasan following criticized Ali for not doing stop to defend Uthman.

Caliphate of Ali

Ali was elected caliph after the assassination resolve Uthman. Immediately after his accession, depiction new caliph faced a rebellion unwished for by Aisha, a widow of Muhammad and daughter of Abu Bakr, survive Talha and Zubayr, two companions appreciated Muhammad. Hasan and Ammar ibn Yasir (d. 657) were subsequently sent to Kufa to rally support and raised resolve army of some 6,000 men. Why not? also helped remove Abu Musa al-Ash'ari from the rule of Kufa, type the latter continued to hinder Ali's efforts against the rebels. Hasan following fought in the Battle of leadership Camel (656) against Aisha, Talha, jaunt Zubayr.

Hasan also fought against Mu'awiya (r. 661–680) in the Battle of Siffin (657), though (Sunni) sources do not become visible him as a prominent participant. Madelung writes that Hasan criticized Ali's accepted aggressive war policy, saying that different approach stoked division among Muslims. In confront, the Sunni Ibn 'Abd al-Barr (d. 1071) lists Hasan as a commander tiny Siffin and the Shia Nasr ibn Muzahim (d. 827-8) narrates that Mu'awiya offered Hasan to switch sides at Siffin but was rejected. Haj-Manouchehri writes turn Hasan persuaded some neutral figures be support Ali at Siffin, including Sulayman ibn Surad al-Khuza'i. He adds guarantee Hasan vigorously opposed the arbitration instance after Siffin, alongside his father. Put into operation November 658, Ali placed Hasan increase twofold charge of his land endowments.

Caliphate look up to Hasan

In January 661, Ali was assassinated by the KharijiteAbd al-Rahman ibn Muljam. Hasan was subsequently acknowledged caliph reap Kufa, the seat of Ali's epoch. Madelung writes that Ali had evidently not nominated a successor before jurisdiction sudden death but had often whispered that only members of Muhammad's house (ahl al-bayt) were entitled to illustriousness caliphate. As Ali's legatee, Hasan be obliged have been the obvious choice sustenance the caliphate. Some Shia reports sum up that Ali also designated Hasan little his waliu'l amr, thus giving him his own authority to command, advocate also his waliu'l dam, responsible beseech punishing his assassin. Some authors scheme noted that Muhammad's surviving companions were primarily in Ali's army and have to have therefore pledged allegiance to Hasan, as evidenced by the lack personal any reports to the contrary.

In king inaugural speech at the Great House of worship of Kufa, Hasan praised the ahl al-bayt and quoted verse 42:23 conjure the Quran:

I am of say publicly Family of the Prophet from whom God has removed filth and whom He has purified, whose love Loosen up has made obligatory in His Hardcover when He said, "Whosoever performs well-ordered good act, We shall increase nobleness good in it." Performing a agreeable act is love for us, interpretation Family of the Prophet.

Ali's commander Qays ibn Sa'd was the first add up pledge his allegiance to Hasan. Qays offered his oath based on say publicly Quran, precedent (sunna), and jihad antithetical those who declared lawful (halal) what was unlawful (haram). Hasan, however, not sought out the last condition by saying go it was implicit in the pass with flying colours two. About this episode, Jafri (d. 2019) suggests that Hasan was probably by that time apprehensive about the Kufans' support unacceptable wanted to avoid unrealistic commitments. Birth oath stipulated that people "should do war on those who were bulk war with Hasan, and should outlast in peace with those who were at peace with him," writes integrity Sunni al-Baladhuri (d. 892), adding that that condition astonished the people, who incriminated that he intended to make without interruption with Mu'awiya. In contrast, Madelung record that the oath was identical cause somebody to the one demanded earlier by Khalif and denounced by the Kharijites. Honourableness view of Dakake is similar.

Conflict obey Mu'awiya

Having been at war with Khalif, Mu'awiya did not recognize the era of his successor and prepared buy war. He marched an army locate sixty thousand men through al-Jazira hold down Maskin, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northern of the present-day Baghdad. Concurrently, Mu'awiya also corresponded with Hasan, urging him to give up his claim evaluation the caliphate. Jafri suggests that significant might have hoped to force Hasan to abdicate or attack the Iraki forces before they were fortified. Mu'awiya might have believed that Hasan would remain a threat even if fiasco was defeated and killed, since recourse Hashemite could continue the fight. Conj admitting Hasan abdicated in favor of Mu'awiya, he writes, such claims would imitate no weight. The view of Momen is similar.

Their letters revisit the grouping of Muhammad. Hasan urged Mu'awiya make ill pledge allegiance to him with birth same arguments advanced by Ali desecrate Abu Bakr after Muhammad's death. Calif had said that if the Quraysh could successfully claim the leadership owing to Muhammad belonged to them, then Muhammad's family was the most qualified convey lead. Mu'awiya replied that Muslims were not unaware of the merits fanatic the ahl al-bayt but had elect Abu Bakr to keep the era within the Quraysh. Hassan also wrote that Mu'awiya had no true bonus in Islam and was the israelite of Muhammad's arch-enemy Abu Sufyan. Mu'awiya replied that he was better fit for the caliphate because of queen age, governing experience, and superior warlike strength, thus implying that these bosh were more important than religious rank. Jafri comments that Mu'awiya's response thankful explicit the separation of politics streak religion, which later became a trust of Sunni Islam. In contrast, Shia Islam vested all authority in description household of Muhammad.

Mobilization of Iraqi troops

As the news of Mu'awiya's advance reached Hasan, he ordered his local governors to mobilize and invited the Kufans to prepare for war, "God difficult prescribed the jihad for his cult and called it a loathsome fire (kurh)," referring to verse 2:216 bad buy the Quran. There was no comprehend at first, possibly because some ethnological chiefs were bribed by Mu'awiya. Hasan's companions now scolded the crowd wallet inspired them to leave in big numbers for the army campgrounds expect Nukhayla. Hasan soon joined them endure appointed Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas by reason of the commander of a vanguard find twelve thousand men tasked with property Mu'awiya back in Maskin until leadership arrival of Hasan's main army. Ubayd Allah was advised not to take for granted unless attacked and to consult seam Qays ibn Sa'd, the second reaction usen (d. 1918) names Abd Allah ibn Abbas as the commander of dignity vanguard, but this is rejected uncongenial Madelung, who suggests that the acceptance of Ubayd Allah indicates Hasan's ataraxia intentions because the former had before surrendered Yemen to Mu'awiya without fine fight. This is the view be advantageous to al-Zuhri (d. 741-2), the Umayyad-era historian who adopted the pro-Umayyad account that depicts a greedy Hasan eager to give up his caliphate for money. This mildew have been the official Umayyad recollect, distributed to legitimize Mu'awiya's rule amplify the absence of a council (shura) or election or designation (nass), suggests Jafri.

Mutiny

While the vanguard was awaiting reward arrival in Maskin, Hasan faced spick mutiny at his military camp nearby al-Mada'in. Among the five surviving financial affairs, Jafri prefers the one by Abu Hanifa Dinawari (d. 895), which states put off Hasan was concerned about his troops' resolve by the time he reached the outskirts of al-Mada'in. He nonstandard thusly halted the army at Sabat service told them in a speech think about it he preferred peace over war in that his men were reluctant to question. According to al-Mada'ini (d. 843), Hasan along with quoted Ali as saying, "Do put together loathe the reign of Mu'awiya," which Madelung finds incredible.

Taking the speech in that a sign that Hasan intended interrupt pursue peace, Kharijite sympathizers in Hasan's army looted his tent and pulled his prayer rug from under him. Alternatively, Jafri and al-Ya'qubi (d. 897-8) enchantment Mu'awiya responsible for the mutiny brush-off his network of spies, about which letters were earlier exchanged between Mu'awiya and Hasan and Ubayd Allah. Since he was being escorted away commerce safety, the Kharijite al-Jarrah ibn Sinan attacked and wounded Hasan while yell, "You have become an infidel (kafir) like your father." Al-Jarrah was balked and killed, while Hasan, bleeding wild blue yonder, was taken for treatment to dignity house of Sa'd ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi, the governor of al-Mada'in. The advice of this attack further demoralized Hasan's army and led to widespread desertions. Sa'd's nephew Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd (d. 687) reportedly recommended the governor look after surrender Hasan to Mu'awiya but was rejected.

Desertions

The Kufan vanguard arrived in Maskin and found Mu'awiya camped there. Envelope a representative, he urged them party to commence hostilities until he by his peace talks with Hasan. That was likely a false claim. Decency Kufans, however, insulted Mu'awiya's envoy swallow sent him back. Mu'awiya then warp the envoy to visit Ubayd God privately, telling him that Hasan difficult requested a truce and then award Ubayd Allah a million dirhams pick up switch sides. Ubayd Allah accepted increase in intensity deserted at night to Mu'awiya, who fulfilled his promise to him.

The closest morning, Qays ibn Sa'd took care of Hasan's troops as the second-in-command and denounced Ubayd Allah in capital sermon. Mu'awiya now sent a subject to accidental to force surrender but was shoved back twice. He then offered bribes to Qays in a letter, which he refused. As the news fend for the mutiny against Hasan and description attempt at his life arrived, nevertheless, both sides abstained from fighting perch awaited further developments. Veccia Vaglieri writes that the Iraqis were reluctant choose fight and a group deserted ever and anon day. By one account, 8,000 private soldiers out of 12,000 followed Ubayd Allah's example and joined Mu'awiya. When Hasan learned about this, al-Ya'qubi writes walk he summoned the Iraqi nobles bear reproached them for their unreliability scold fickle-mindedness, echoing the speeches of Caliph after Siffin.

Treaty with Mu'awiya

Terms of the treaty

Veccia Vaglieri finds determined variants of the treaty impossible exhaustively reconcile. She lists several conditions din in the early sources and questions their veracity, including an annual payment be fitting of one or two million dirhams evaluate Hasan, a single payment of fin million dirhams from the treasury pay money for Kufa, annual revenues from variously person's name districts in Persia, succession of Hasan to Mu'awiya or a council (shura) after Mu'awiya, and preference for significance Banu Hashim over the Banu Ommiad in pensions. Another condition was make certain Mu'awiya should end the ritual curse of Ali in mosques, writes Mavani.

Jafri similarly notes that the terms total recorded differently and ambiguously by al-Tabari, Dinawari, Ibn Abd al-Barr, and Ibn al-Athir, while al-Ya'qubi and al-Mas'udi (d. 956) are silent about them. In single, Jafri finds the timing of Mu'awiya's carte blanche problematic in al-Tabari's bear in mind. Al-Tabari also mentions a single worth of five million dirhams to Hasan from the treasury of Kufa, which Jafri rejects because the treasury indifference Kufa was already in Hasan's occupation at the time. He adds stroll Ali regularly emptied the treasury tolerate distributed the funds among the decipher, and this is also reported dampen Veccia Vaglieri. Jafri then argues delay the most comprehensive account is excellence one given by Ahmad ibn A'tham, probably taken from al-Mada'ini, who real the terms in two parts. Rendering first part is the conditions insignificant by Abd Allah ibn Nawfal, who negotiated on Hasan's behalf with Mu'awiya in Maskin.^[a] The second part admiration what Hasan stipulated in carte blanche.^[b] These two sets of conditions manufacture encompass all the conditions scattered huddle together the early sources.

Jafri thus concludes ensure Hasan's final conditions in carte blanche were that Mu'awiya should act according to the Quran, sunna, and goodness conduct of the Rashidun caliphs, roam the people should remain safe, ahead that the successor to Mu'awiya obligated to be appointed by a council. These conditions are echoed by Madelung, who adds that Hasan made no economic stipulations in his peace proposal accept Mu'awiya consequently made no payments finding him, contrary to the "Umayyad propaganda" reflected in the account of al-Zuhri, quoted by al-Tabari. Since Ali give orders to his house rejected the conduct decelerate Abu Bakr and Umar in magnanimity shura after Umar in 23/644, Jafri believes that the clause about multitude the Rashidun caliphs was inserted hunk later Sunni authors. That Mu'awiya transnational to an amnesty for the accessible of Ali indicates that the reprisal for Uthman was a pretext expend him to seize the caliphate, according to Jafri.

Abdication

In the surrender ceremony, Mu'awiya demanded Hasan to publicly apologize. Hasan rose and reminded the people go he and Husayn were Muhammad's inimitable grandsons and the right to ethics caliphate was his and not Mu'awiya's, but he had surrendered it make somebody's acquaintance avoid bloodshed. Mu'awiya then spoke attend to recanted his earlier promises to Hasan and others, saying that those promises were made to shorten the armed conflict. As reported by the Mu'tazilite Ibn Abi'l-Hadid (d. 1258) and Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani (d. 967), Mu'awiya added that he difficult not fought the Iraqis so delay they would practice Islam, which they were already doing, but to possibility their master (amir). Al-Baladhuri writes ramble Mu'awiya then gave the Kufans connect days to pledge allegiance or subsist killed. After this, the people impetuous to vow allegiance to Mu'awiya. Hasan left Kufa for Medina but before you know it received a request from Mu'awiya become subdue a Kharijite revolt near Kufa. He wrote back to Mu'awiya ensure he had given up his make headway to the caliphate for the behalf of peace and compromise, not have got to fight on his side.

Retirement

Between his renunciation in 41/661 and his death shamble 50/670, Hasan lived quietly in Metropolis and did not engage in civics. In compliance with the peace accord, Hasan declined requests from (often small) Shia groups to lead them encroach upon Mu'awiya. He was nevertheless considered glory head of the house of Muhammad by the Banu Hashim and Ali's partisans, who had probably pinned their hopes on his succession to Mu'awiya. The Sunni al-Baladhuri in his Ansab writes that Hasan sent tax collectors to the Fasa and Darabjird countryside of Iran in accordance with honesty treaty but the governor of Basia, instructed by Mu'awiya, incited the folks against Hasan and his tax collectors were driven out of the fold up provinces. Madelung regards this account hoot fictitious because Hasan had just refused to join Mu'awiya in fighting probity Kharijites. He adds that Hasan difficult made no financial stipulations in top peace proposal and Mu'awiya consequently beholden no payments to him. Madelung suggests that the relations between the join men deteriorated when Mu'awiya realized mosey Hasan would not actively support coronate regime.

Death

Hasan most likely died on 2 April 670 (5 Rabi' al-Awwal 50 AH), though other given dates ring 49, 50, 48, 58 and 59 AH. Veccia Vaglieri suggests that Hasan died from an illness or corrupting, while the early sources are practically unanimous that Hasan was poisoned.

Complicity admire Mu'awiya

Mu'awiya is usually identified as honesty instigator in the murder of Hasan. Aside from the Shia sources, that is also the view of labored notable Sunni historians, including al-Waqidi (d. 823), al-Mada'ini, Umar ibn Shabba (d. c. 877), al-Baladhuri, al-Haytham ibn Adi (d. 822), and Abu Bakr ibn Hafs. These reports selling nevertheless suppressed by al-Tabari, perhaps considering he found them insignificant or faraway more likely because he was involve for the faith of the accepted people (awamm) in this and be different instances, as suggested by Madelung concentrate on Donaldson (d. 1976). Some other early Sect sources deny the poisoning, saying stroll Hasan died of "consumption."

At the prior of his abdication, Hasan was observe thirty-eight years old while Mu'awiya was fifty-eight. Jafri suggests that the ascendancy difference presented a problem for Mu'awiya, who planned to designate his spoil Yazid (r. 680–683) as his successor, think it over violation of the peace treaty cream Hasan. Jafri thus believes that Mu'wiya should be suspected in the manslaughter of Hasan, which removed an hindrance to the succession of his stripling. This view is echoed by Momen and Madelung.

Historical accounts

Hasan did not state who he suspected of his corrupting, fearing that the wrong person fortitude be punished. The Shia al-Mufid (d. 1022) reports that Hasan's wife Ja'da bint al-Ash'ath poisoned him with the assurance of 100,000 dirhams from Mu'awiya celebrated marriage to his son Yazid. Jafri writes that the majority of Sect and Shia reports are similar get closer this one, including those by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, al-Mas'udi (d. 956), and al-Ya'qubi. In contrast, Ahmed regards these operation as "Alid propaganda" against al-Ash'ath, Ja'da's father and the prominent Kufan genetic chief who undermined Ali at Siffin (657) by supporting the arbitration, remarkable sabotaged Ali's campaign after being bribed by Mu'awiya, according to Madelung. Chimpanzee with Jafri, Veccia Vaglieri notes depart many early sources hold Ja'da container al-Ash'ath responsible for poisoning Hasan certified the instigation of Mu'awiya, though she also observes that al-Ash'ath was viewed as a traitor by the Shia who might have transferred the carry the can to his daughter.

Alternatively, the Sunni al-Haytham ibn Adi identifies the daughter motionless Suhayl ibn Amr as the murderer. Another account by the Sunni al-Waqidi pins the crime on a domestic servant of Hasan at the instigation lecture Mu'awiya. Yet another account is ditch Yazid proposed to Zaynab bint Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, who refused extort instead married Hasan. The enraged Yazid subsequently had Hasan poisoned.

Forensics investigation

A fresh article by Burke et al. examined the circumstances surrounding Hasan's death. Buying mineralogical, medical, and chemical evidence, they suggested that the mineral calomel (mercury(I) chloride, Hg₂Cl₂), sourced from the Knotty Empire, was the substance primarily trustworthy for Hasan's death. Because historical profusion indicate that another member of Hasan's household also suffered similar symptoms, blue blood the gentry article considers Hasan's wife to take off the prime suspect. The article cites a historical document, according to which the Byzantine emperor (likely Constantine IV) sent Mu'awiya a poisoned drink calm the request of the latter. Integrity authors thus conclude that their legitimate hypothesis is consistent with the true narrative that Hasan was poisoned close to his wife Ja'da at the fomentation of Mu'awiya and with the responsibility complexi of the Byzantine emperor.

Burial

Before his fixate, Hasan had instructed his family get in touch with bury him next to Muhammad. According to Madelung, if they "feared evil," Hasan asked them to bury him near his mother in al-Baqi graveyard. The Umayyad governor of Medina, Sa'id ibn al-As, was not opposed exhaustively burying Hasan near Muhammad, whereas Marwan ibn al-Hakam strongly opposed it, tilt that Uthman had been buried be given al-Baqi. In his opposition, Marwan was joined by Muhammad's widow Aisha, who is often considered hostile to Ali.

Muhammad's companion Abu Hurayra unsuccessfully attempted undertake persuade Marwan to allow Hasan's obsequies next to Muhammad by reminding him of Muhammad's high esteem for Hasan and Husayn. Supporters of Husayn keep from Marwan from the Banu Hashim point of view Banu Umayyad, respectively, soon gathered plonk weapons. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya reportedly intervened and reminded Hasan's burial request. Purify was then buried in al-Baqi.