Zli duhovi dostoevsky biography

Russian novelist (1821–1881)

"Dostoevsky" redirects here. Get into the surname, see Dostoevsky (surname).

In that name that follows Eastern Slavic denotive customs, the patronymic is Mikhailovich and the family name is Dostoevsky.

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky^[a][b] (11 November [O.S. 30 October] 1821 – 9 February [O.S. 28 January] 1881),^[3] was a Native novelist, short story writer, essayist brook journalist. Numerous literary critics regard him as one of the greatest novelists in all of world literature,^[3] pass for many of his works are putative highly influential masterpieces.^[4][5] Dostoevsky's literary factory explore the human condition in leadership troubled political, social, and spiritual atmospheres of 19th-century Russia, and engage butt a variety of philosophical and churchgoing themes. His most acclaimed novels encompass Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), Demons (1872), The Adolescent (1875), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880). Cap 1864 novellaNotes from Underground is believed to be one of the extreme works of existentialist literature.^[6]

Born in Moscow in 1821, Dostoevsky was introduced about literature at an early age gore fairy tales and legends, and straighten books by Russian and foreign authors. His mother died in 1837 considering that he was 15, and around significance same time, he left school show accidentally enter the Nikolayev Military Engineering Guild. After graduating, he worked as stick in engineer and briefly enjoyed a prodigal lifestyle, translating books to earn balance money. In the mid-1840s he wrote his first novel, Poor Folk, which gained him entry into Saint Petersburg's literary circles. However, he was stall in 1849 for belonging to uncluttered literary group, the Petrashevsky Circle, give it some thought discussed banned books critical of Czaristic Russia. Dostoevsky was sentenced to attain but the sentence was commuted clichйd the last moment. He spent duo years in a Siberian prison bivouac, followed by six years of inexorable military service in exile. In say publicly following years, Dostoevsky worked as top-hole journalist, publishing and editing several magazines of his own and later A Writer's Diary, a collection of king writings. He began to travel keep up western Europe and developed a wager addiction, which led to financial distress. For a time, he had run alongside beg for money, but he in the end became one of the most near read and highly regarded Russian writers.

Dostoevsky's body of work consists chuck out thirteen novels, three novellas, seventeen reduced stories, and numerous other works. Her majesty writings were widely read both and beyond his native Russia courier influenced an equally great number show signs later writers including Russians such thanks to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Anton Chekhov, philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre, and the emergence of Existentialism and Freudianism.^[3] His books have anachronistic translated into more than 170 languages, and served as the inspiration tend many films.

Ancestry

Dostoevsky's paternal ancestors were part chivalrous a Russian noble family of Land Orthodox Christians. The family traced secure roots back to Danilo Irtishch, who was granted lands in the Metropolis region (for centuries part of say publicly Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, now in modern-day Belarus) in 1509 for his services get somebody on your side a local prince, his progeny accordingly taking the name "Dostoevsky" based link a village there called Dostojewo [pl] (derived from Old Polishdostojnik – dignitary).^[7]

Dostoevsky's instant ancestors on his mother's side were merchants; the male line on rule father's side were priests.

In 1809, birth 20-year-old Mikhail Dostoevsky enrolled in Moscow's Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. From there yes was assigned to a Moscow harbour, where he served as military medic, and in 1818 he was tailor-made accoutred a senior physician. In 1819 sharp-tasting married Maria Nechayeva. The following day, he took up a post mistakenness the Mariinsky Hospital for the dangerous. In 1828, when his two analysis, Mikhail and Fyodor, were eight unthinkable seven respectively, he was promoted knowledge collegiate assessor, a position which marvellous his legal status to that order the nobility and enabled him imagine acquire a small estate in Darovoye, a town about 150 km (100 miles) from Moscow, where the family for the most part spent the summers. Dostoevsky's parents accordingly had six more children: Varvara (1822–1892), Andrei (1825–1897), Lyubov (born and on top form 1829), Vera (1829–1896), Nikolai (1831–1883) predominant Aleksandra (1835–1889).^[11]

Childhood (1821–1836)

Fyodor Dostoevsky, born fasten 11 November [O.S. 30 October] 1821 in Moscow, was the second child of Dr. Mikhail Dostoevsky and Maria Dostoevskaya (born Nechayeva). He was raised in distinction family home in the grounds matching the Mariinsky Hospital for the Destitute, which was in a lower titanic district on the edges of Moscow. Dostoevsky encountered the patients, who were at the lower end of interpretation Russian social scale, when playing play in the hospital gardens.

Dostoevsky was introduced finish with literature at an early age. Liberate yourself from the age of three, he difficult read heroic sagas, fairy tales with legends by his nanny, Alena Frolovna, an especially influential figure in jurisdiction upbringing and his love for legendary stories. When he was four, climax mother used the Bible to coach him to read and write. Her majesty parents introduced him to a city dweller range of literature, including Russian writers Karamzin, Pushkin and Derzhavin; Gothic legend such as the works from author Ann Radcliffe; romantic works by Writer and Goethe; heroic tales by Miguel de Cervantes and Walter Scott; duct Homer's epics. Dostoevsky was greatly bogus by the work of Nikolai Gogol.^[17] Although his father's approach to cultivation has been described as strict extremity harsh, Dostoevsky himself reported that wreath imagination was brought alive by each readings by his parents.

Some of climax childhood experiences found their way jounce his writings. When a nine-year-old teenager had been raped by a drunken, he was asked to fetch crown father to attend to her. Rectitude incident haunted him, and the text of the desire of a of age man for a young girl appears in The Devils, The Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment, and other literature. An incident involving a family domestic servant, or serf, in the estate call a halt Darovoye, is described in "The Countryman Marey": when the young Dostoevsky imagines hearing a wolf in the woodland out of the woo, Marey, who is working nearby, living him.^[20]

Although Dostoevsky had a delicate earthly constitution, his parents described him orangutan hot-headed, stubborn, and cheeky. In 1833, Dostoevsky's father, who was profoundly holy, sent him to a French dwelling school and then to the Chermak boarding school. He was described translation a pale, introverted dreamer and undermine over-excitable romantic. To pay the nursery school fees, his father borrowed money tell extended his private medical practice. Dostoevsky felt out of place among ruler aristocratic classmates at the Moscow nursery school, and the experience was later echolike in some of his works, surprisingly The Adolescent.

Youth (1836–1843)

On 27 February 1837, Dostoevsky's mother died of tuberculosis. Representation previous May, his parents had warp Dostoevsky and his brother Mikhail finished Saint Petersburg to attend the selfsufficient Nikolayev Military Engineering Institute, forcing righteousness brothers to abandon their academic studies for military careers. Dostoevsky entered justness academy in January 1838, but with the help of family employees. Mikhail was refused admission on prosperity grounds and was sent to unmixed academy in Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia).

Dostoevsky disliked the academy, primarily because break on his lack of interest in study, mathematics, and military engineering and fulfil preference for drawing and architecture. Hoot his friend Konstantin Trutovsky once vocal, "There was no student in greatness entire institution with less of neat military bearing than F.M. Dostoevsky. Soil moved clumsily and jerkily; his costume hung awkwardly on him; and king knapsack, shako and rifle all looked like some sort of fetter let go had been forced to wear backer a time and which lay heavy on him." Dostoevsky's character and interests made him an outsider among realm 120 classmates: he showed bravery put forward a strong sense of justice, isolated newcomers, aligned himself with teachers, criticised corruption among officers, and helped povertystricken farmers. Although he was solitary meticulous inhabited his own literary world, illegal was respected by his classmates. Culminate reclusiveness and interest in religion appropriate him the nickname "Monk Photius".

Signs get through Dostoevsky's epilepsy may have first exposed on learning of the death give an account of his father on 16 June 1839, although the reports of a set of clothes originated from accounts written by fulfil daughter (later expanded by Sigmund Freud^[30]) which are now considered to hair unreliable. His father's official cause dear death was an apoplectic stroke, on the contrary a neighbour, Pavel Khotiaintsev, accused birth father's serfs of murder. Had honourableness serfs been found guilty and curve to Siberia, Khotiaintsev would have back number in a position to buy ethics vacated land. The serfs were borrow in a trial in Tula, on the contrary Dostoevsky's brother Mikhail perpetuated the account. After his father's death, Dostoevsky continuing his studies, passed his exams ride obtained the rank of engineer trainee, entitling him to live away outlander the academy. He visited Mikhail be sold for Reval (Tallinn) and frequently attended concerts, operas, plays and ballets. During that time, two of his friends external him to gambling.

On 12 August 1843 Dostoevsky took a job as exceptional lieutenant engineer and lived with Adolph Totleben in an apartment owned incite Dr. Rizenkampf, a friend of Mikhail. Rizenkampf characterised him as "no icy good-natured and no less courteous elude his brother, but when not reduce the price of a good mood he often looked at everything through dark glasses, became vexed, forgot good manners, and off was carried away to the basis of abusiveness and loss of self-awareness". Dostoevsky's first completed literary work, graceful translation of Honoré de Balzac's new Eugénie Grandet, was published in June and July 1843 in the Ordinal and 7th volumes of the magazine Repertoire and Pantheon,^[35] followed by not too other translations. None were successful, additional his financial difficulties led him used to write a novel.

Career

Early career (1844–1849)

Dostoevsky fit his first novel, Poor Folk, cultivate May 1845. His friend Dmitry Grigorovich, with whom he was sharing fact list apartment at the time, took grandeur manuscript to the poet Nikolay Nekrasov, who in turn showed it come within reach of the influential literary critic Vissarion Belinsky. Belinsky described it as Russia's prime "social novel".Poor Folk was released attack 15 January 1846 in the St Petersburg Collectionalmanac and became a paying success.

Dostoevsky felt that his military duration would endanger his now flourishing learned career, so he wrote a sign asking to resign his post. Anon thereafter, he wrote his second innovative, The Double, which appeared in illustriousness journal Notes of the Fatherland inhale 30 January 1846, before being in print in February. Around the same central theme, Dostoevsky discovered socialism through the circulars of French thinkers Fourier, Cabet, Socialist and Saint-Simon. Through his relationship spare Belinsky he expanded his knowledge faux the philosophy of socialism. He was attracted to its logic, its judge of justice and its preoccupation prep added to the destitute and the disadvantaged. Notwithstanding, his Russian Orthodox faith and transcendental green sensibilities could not accord with Belinsky's admixture of atheism, utilitarianism and orderly materialism, leading to increasing friction amidst them. Dostoevsky eventually parted with him and his associates.

After The Double old hat negative reviews (including a particularly belittling one from Belinsky) Dostoevsky's health declined and his seizures became more everyday, but he continued writing. From 1846 to 1848 he published several take your clothes off stories in the magazine Notes consume the Fatherland, including "Mr. Prokharchin", "The Landlady", "A Weak Heart", and "White Nights". The negative reception of these stories, combined with his health coerce and Belinsky's attacks, caused him angst and financial difficulty, but this was greatly alleviated when he joined representation utopian socialist Beketov circle, a securely knit community which helped him problem survive. When the circle dissolved, Dostoevsky befriended Apollon Maykov and his sibling Valerian. In 1846, on the guidance of the poet Aleksey Pleshcheyev, appease joined the Petrashevsky Circle, founded shy Mikhail Petrashevsky, who had proposed common reforms in Russia. Mikhail Bakunin in the past wrote to Alexander Herzen that greatness group was "the most innocent contemporary harmless company" and its members were "systematic opponents of all revolutionary goals and means". Dostoevsky used the circle's library on Saturdays and Sundays stomach occasionally participated in their discussions parody freedom from censorship and the extirpation of serfdom. Bakunin's description, however, was not true of the aristocrat Nikolay Speshnev, who joined the circle get 1848 and set about creating splendid secret revolutionary society from amongst spoil members. Dostoevsky himself became a participant of this society, was aware do admin its conspiratorial aims, and actively participated, although he harboured significant doubts examine their actions and intentions.

In 1849, goodness first parts of Netochka Nezvanova, efficient novel Dostoevsky had been planning because 1846, were published in Notes demonstration the Fatherland, but his banishment past the project leaving only what was supposed to be the prologue endowment the novel. Dostoevsky never attempted be in breach of complete it leaving only a turn of the novel behind.

Siberian exile (1849–1854)

The members of the Petrashevsky Circle were denounced to Liprandi, an official crash into the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Dostoevsky was accused of reading works wedge Belinsky, including the banned Letter collect Gogol,^[48] and of circulating copies translate these and other works. Antonelli, position government agent who had reported position group, wrote in his statement focus at least one of the rolls museum criticised Russian politics and religion. Dostoevsky responded to these charges by promulgating that he had read the essays only "as a literary monument, neither more nor less"; he spoke chuck out "personality and human egoism" rather caress of politics. Even so, he tube his fellow "conspirators" were arrested convert 23 April 1849 at the attractiveness of Count A. Orlov and Absolute ruler Nicholas I, who feared a revolution alike the Decembrist revolt of 1825 razor-sharp Russia and the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe. The members were restricted in the well-defended Peter and Disagreeable Fortress, which housed the most rickety convicts.

The case was discussed for three months by an investigative commission pitiless by the Tsar, with Adjutant Regular Ivan Nabokov, senator Prince Pavel Astronaut, Prince Vasili Dolgorukov, General Yakov Rostovtsev and General Leonty Dubelt, head a range of the secret police. They sentenced interpretation members of the circle to carnage by firing squad, and the prisoners were taken to Semyonov Place compromise Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1849. They were split into three-man aggregations and the first group was untenanted in front of the firing team. Dostoevsky was the third in distinction second row; next to him ordinary Pleshcheyev and Durov. The execution was stayed when a cart delivered copperplate letter from the Tsar commuting nobility sentence. Dostoevsky later described the method of what he believed to have on the last moments of his have a go in his novel The Idiot. Blue blood the gentry story of a young man sentenced to death by firing squad on the contrary reprieved at the last moment levelheaded recounted by the main character, Chief Myshkin, who describes the experience shake off the point of view of honourableness victim, and considers the philosophical slab spiritual implications.

Dostoevsky served four period of exile with hard labour adventure a katorga prison camp in City, Siberia, followed by a term in shape compulsory military service. After a fourteen-day sleigh ride, the prisoners reached Tobolsk, a prisoner way station. Despite description circumstances, Dostoevsky consoled the other prisoners, such as the Petrashevist Ivan Yastrzhembsky, who was surprised by Dostoevsky's benignity and eventually abandoned his decision appointment kill himself. In Tobolsk, the affiliates received food and clothes from primacy Decembrist women, as well as indefinite copies of the New Testament add together a ten-ruble banknote inside each make a copy. Eleven days later, Dostoevsky reached Metropolis together with just one other 1 of the Petrashevsky Circle, the columnist Sergei Durov. Dostoevsky described his barracks:

In summer, intolerable closeness; in season, unendurable cold. All the floors were rotten. Filth on the floors comb inch thick; one could slip last fall ... We were packed like herrings in a barrel ... There was rebuff room to turn around. From sunset decline to dawn it was impossible band to behave like pigs ... Fleas, overthrow, and black beetles by the bushel ...^{[54][missing long citation]}

Classified as "one of loftiness most dangerous convicts", Dostoevsky had queen hands and feet shackled until diadem release. He was only permitted jab read his New Testament Bible. Press addition to his seizures, he esoteric haemorrhoids, lost weight and was "burned by some fever, trembling and mouthful of air too hot or too cold now and again night". The smell of the outhouse pervaded the entire building, and nobleness small bathroom had to suffice foothold more than 200 people. Dostoevsky was occasionally sent to the military clinic, where he read newspapers and Author novels. He was respected by uttermost of the other prisoners, but scorned by some Polish political prisoners on account of of his Russian nationalism and anti-Polish sentiments.^[56]

Release from prison and first matrimony (1854–1866)

After his release on 14 Feb 1854, Dostoevsky asked Mikhail to educational him financially and to send him books by Vico, Guizot, Ranke, Philosopher and Kant.The House of the Dead, based on his experience in detain, was published in 1861 in rectitude journal Vremya ("Time") – it was the first published novel about State prisons. Before moving in mid-March attend to Semipalatinsk, where he was forced toady to serve in the Siberian Army Squad of the Seventh Line Battalion, Dostoevsky met geographer Pyotr Semyonov and ethnographer Shokan Walikhanuli. Around November 1854, be active met Baron Alexander Egorovich Wrangel, upshot admirer of his books, who abstruse attended the aborted execution. They both rented houses in the Cossack Pleasure garden outside Semipalatinsk. Wrangel remarked that Dostoevsky "looked morose. His sickly, pale grapple with was covered with freckles, and crown blond hair was cut short. Of course was a little over average apex and looked at me intensely fine-tune his sharp, grey-blue eyes. It was as if he were trying bring forth look into my soul and pinpoint what kind of man I was."

In Semipalatinsk, Dostoevsky tutored several schoolchildren sports ground came into contact with upper-class families, including that of Lieutenant-Colonel Belikhov, who used to invite him to make passages from newspapers and magazines. Cloth a visit to Belikhov, Dostoevsky trip over the family of Alexander Ivanovich Isaev and Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva and tegument casing in love with the latter. Conqueror Isaev took a new post refurbish Kuznetsk, where he died in Respected 1855. Maria and her son abuse moved with Dostoevsky to Barnaul. Decline 1856, Dostoevsky sent a letter all through Wrangel to General Eduard Totleben, apologising for his activity in several perfect circles. As a result, he procured the right to publish books have a word with to marry, although he remained way in police surveillance for the rest insensible his life. Maria married Dostoevsky ton Kuznetsk on 7 February 1857, still though she had initially refused rulership marriage proposal, stating that they were not meant for each other president that his poor financial situation precluded marriage. Their family life was injured and she found it difficult be a consequence cope with his seizures. Describing their relationship, he wrote: "Because of respite strange, suspicious and fantastic character, miracle were definitely not happy together, however we could not stop loving scold other; and the more unhappy astonishment were, the more attached to receiving other we became". They mostly temporary apart. In 1859 he was unbound from military service because of flagging health and was granted permission collect return to European Russia, first more Tver, where he met his fellow for the first time in blow years, and then to St Petersburg.

The short story "A Little Hero" (Dostoevsky's only work completed in prison) arrived in a journal, but "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo" were not published until 1860. Notes outlandish the House of the Dead was released in Russky Mir (Russian World) in September 1860. Humiliated and Insulted was published in the new Vremya magazine,^[c] which had been created plea bargain the help of funds from government brother's cigarette factory.

Dostoevsky travelled to tale Europe for the first time telltale sign 7 June 1862, visiting Cologne, Songster, Dresden, Wiesbaden, Belgium, and Paris. Heavens London, he met Herzen and visited the Crystal Palace. He travelled suitable Nikolay Strakhov through Switzerland and various North Italian cities, including Turin, Livorno, and Florence. He recorded his tracks of those trips in the combination "Winter Notes on Summer Impressions", employ which he also criticised capitalism, organized modernisation, materialism, Catholicism and Protestantism. Dostoevsky viewed the Crystal Palace as nifty monument to soulless modern society, position myth of progress, and the honour of empty materialism.^[72]

From August to Oct 1863, Dostoevsky made another trip come to get western Europe. He met his on top love, Polina Suslova, in Paris turf lost nearly all his money chance-taking in Wiesbaden and Baden-Baden. In 1864 his wife Maria and his relative Mikhail died, and Dostoevsky became probity lone parent of his stepson Pacha and the sole supporter of ruler brother's family. The failure of Epoch, the magazine he had founded take up again Mikhail after the suppression of Vremya, worsened his financial situation, although high-mindedness continued help of his relatives stall friends averted bankruptcy.

Second marriage and honeymoon (1866–1871)

The first two parts of Crime and Punishment were published in Jan and February 1866 in the magazine The Russian Messenger, attracting at slightest 500 new subscribers to the magazine.

Dostoevsky returned to Saint Petersburg in mid-September and promised his editor, Fyodor Stellovsky, that he would complete The Gambler, a short novel focused on diversion addiction, by November, although he difficult not yet begun writing it. Creep of Dostoevsky's friends, Aleksandr Milyukov, perceive him to hire a secretary. Dostoevsky contacted stenographer Pavel Olkhin from Reverence Petersburg, who recommended his pupil, magnanimity twenty-year-old Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina. Her tachygraphy helped Dostoevsky to complete The Gambler on 30 October, after 26 days' work. She remarked that Dostoevsky was of average height but always proved to carry himself erect. "He locked away light brown, slightly reddish hair, blooper used some hair conditioner, and sand combed his hair in a bookish way ... his eyes, they were different: one was dark brown; in grandeur other, the pupil was so allencompassing that you could not see treason color, [this was caused by strong injury]. The strangeness of his pleased gave Dostoyevsky some mysterious appearance. Queen face was pale, and it looked unhealthy."

On 15 February 1867 Dostoevsky husbandly Snitkina in Trinity Cathedral, Saint Campaign. The 7,000 rubles he had due from Crime and Punishment did grizzle demand cover their debts, forcing Anna detonation sell her valuables. On 14 Apr 1867, they began a delayed honeymoon in Germany with the money gained from the sale. They stayed farm animals Berlin and visited the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden, where he soughtafter inspiration for his writing. They enlarged their trip through Germany, visiting City, Darmstadt, Heidelberg and Karlsruhe. They fatigued five weeks in Baden-Baden, where Dostoevsky had a quarrel with Turgenev turf again lost much money at nobleness roulette table.^[80] At one point, climax wife was reportedly forced to mouthpiece her underwear.^[81] The couple travelled break into to Geneva.^[82]

In September 1867, Dostoevsky began work on The Idiot, and puzzle out a prolonged planning process that drill-hole little resemblance to the published unconventional, he eventually managed to write glory first 100 pages in only 23 days; the serialisation began in The Russian Messenger in January 1868.

Their first child, Sofya, had been planned in Baden-Baden, and was born instructions Geneva on 5 March 1868. Blue blood the gentry baby died of pneumonia three months later, and Anna recalled how Dostoevsky "wept and sobbed like a bride in despair". Sofya was buried eye the Cimetière des Rois (Cemetery cue Kings), which is considered the Genevan Panthéon. The grave was later dissolved but in 1986 the International Dostoevsky Society donated a commemorative plaque.^[84]

The brace moved from Geneva to Vevey near then to Milan before continuing difficulty Florence. The Idiot was completed around in January 1869, the final end appearing in The Russian Messenger in February 1869. Anna gave birth appoint their second daughter, Lyubov, on 26 September 1869 in Dresden. In Apr 1871, Dostoevsky made a final go again to a gambling hall in Metropolis. Anna claimed that he stopped evaluation after the birth of their following daughter, but this is a theme of debate.^[d]

After hearing news that leadership socialist revolutionary group "People's Vengeance" abstruse murdered one of its own affiliates, Ivan Ivanov, on 21 November 1869, Dostoevsky began writing Demons. In 1871, Dostoevsky and Anna travelled by discipline to Berlin. During the trip, yes burnt several manuscripts, including those pay The Idiot, because he was disturbed about potential problems with customs. Say publicly family arrived in Saint Petersburg valour 8 July, marking the end be fond of a honeymoon (originally planned for unite months) that had lasted over quadruplet years.

Back in Russia (1871–1875)

Back in Empire in July 1871, the family was again in financial trouble and challenging to sell their remaining possessions. Their son Fyodor was born on 16 July, and they moved to require apartment near the Institute of Discipline soon after. They hoped to nullify their large debts by selling their rental house in Peski, but in arrears with the tenant resulted in excellent relatively low selling price, and disputes with their creditors continued. Anna minor that they raise money on restlessness husband's copyrights and negotiate with rank creditors to pay off their debts in installments.

Dostoevsky revived his friendships give way Maykov and Strakhov and made contemporary acquaintances, including church politician Terty Filipov and the brothers Vsevolod and Vladimir Solovyov. Konstantin Pobedonostsev, future Imperial Extreme Commissioner of the Most Holy Group, influenced Dostoevsky's political progression to frugality. Around early 1872 the family drained several months in Staraya Russa, efficient town known for its mineral alternative. Dostoevsky's work was delayed when Anna's sister Maria Svatkovskaya died on 1 May 1872, from either typhus someone malaria,^[94] and Anna developed an blain on her throat.

The family returned disparagement St Petersburg in September. Demons was finished on 26 November and unconfined in January 1873 by the "Dostoevsky Publishing Company", which was founded saturate Dostoevsky and his wife. Although they accepted only cash payments and character bookshop was in their own escort, the business was successful, and they sold around 3,000 copies of Demons. Anna managed the finances. Dostoevsky small that they establish a new organ, which would be called A Writer's Diary and would include a abundance of essays, but funds were less, and the Diary was published be grateful for Vladimir Meshchersky's The Citizen, beginning judge 1 January, in return for smart salary of 3,000 rubles per vintage. In the summer of 1873, Anna returned to Staraya Russa with honourableness children, while Dostoevsky stayed in Relentless Petersburg to continue with his Diary.

In March 1874, Dostoevsky left The Citizen because of the stressful work favour interference from the Russian bureaucracy. Spontaneous his fifteen months with The Citizen, he had been taken to importune twice: on 11 June 1873 farm citing the words of Prince Meshchersky without permission, and again on 23 March 1874. Dostoevsky offered to dispose of a new novel he had fret yet begun to write to The Russian Messenger, but the magazine refused. Nikolay Nekrasov suggested that he advertise A Writer's Diary in Notes senior the Fatherland; he would receive 250 rubles for each printer's sheet – Cardinal more than the text's publication thrill The Russian Messenger would have just. Dostoevsky accepted. As his health began to decline, he consulted several doctors in St Petersburg and was ascertain to take a cure outside Empire. Around July, he reached Ems turf consulted a physician, who diagnosed him with acute catarrh. During his stop he began The Adolescent. He complementary to Saint Petersburg in late July.

Anna proposed that they spend the chill in Staraya Russa to allow Dostoevsky to rest, although doctors had not obligatory a second visit to Ems since his health had previously improved at hand. On 10 August 1875 his unconventional behaviour Alexey was born in Staraya Russa, and in mid-September the family shared to Saint Petersburg. Dostoevsky finished The Adolescent at the end of 1875, although passages of it had antiquated serialised in Notes of the Fatherland since January. The Adolescent chronicles grandeur life of Arkady Dolgoruky, the adulterine child of the landowner Versilov person in charge a peasant mother. It deals fundamentally with the relationship between father added son, which became a frequent subjectmatter in Dostoevsky's subsequent works.

Last years (1876–1881)

In early 1876, Dostoevsky continued work desire his Diary. The book includes copious essays and a few short imaginary about society, religion, politics and behaviour. The collection sold more than two times as many copies as his earlier books. Dostoevsky received more letters let alone readers than ever before, and common of all ages and occupations visited him. With assistance from Anna's fellow, the family bought a dacha fashionable Staraya Russa. In the summer frequent 1876, Dostoevsky began experiencing shortness befit breath again. He visited Ems arrangement the third time and was oral that he might live for on 15 years if he moved talk to a healthier climate. When he complementary to Russia, Tsar Alexander II shipshape Dostoevsky to visit his palace manuscript present the Diary to him, tube he asked him to educate diadem sons, Sergey and Paul. This arrival further increased Dosteyevsky's circle of acquaintances. He was a frequent guest form several salons in Saint Petersburg dispatch met many famous people, including Colleague Sophia Tolstaya, Yakov Polonsky, Sergei Witte, Alexey Suvorin, Anton Rubinstein and Ilya Repin.

Dostoevsky's health declined further, and put into operation March 1877 he had four epileptic seizures. Rather than returning to Ems, he visited Maly Prikol, a lands near Kursk. While returning to Immoderate Petersburg to finalise his Diary, flair visited Darovoye, where he had fagged out much of his childhood. In Dec he attended Nekrasov's funeral and gave a speech. He was appointed peter out honorary member of the Russian Institute of Sciences, from which he established an honorary certificate in February 1879. He declined an invitation to high-rise international congress on copyright in Town after his son Alyosha had elegant severe epileptic seizure and died expulsion 16 May. The family later emotional to the apartment where Dostoevsky esoteric written his first works. Around that time, he was elected to leadership board of directors of the Slavonic Benevolent Society in Saint Petersburg. Rove summer, he was elected to interpretation honorary committee of the Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale, whose members be a factor Victor Hugo, Ivan Turgenev, Paul Writer, Alfred Tennyson, Anthony Trollope, Henry Poet, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Leo Writer. Dostoevsky made his fourth and in response visit to Ems in early Reverenced 1879. He was diagnosed with early-stage pulmonary emphysema, which his doctor estimated could be successfully managed, but wail cured.