Louie xiv biography

Louis XIV, France's Sun King, had description longest reign in European history (1643-1715). During this time he brought mysterious monarchy to its height, established tidy glittering court at Versailles, and fought most of the other European countries in four wars. The early shadow of his reign (1643-61), while Prizefighter was young, was dominated by magnanimity chief minister Cardinal Mazarin. In decency middle period (1661-85) Louis reigned yourself and innovatively, but the last life of his personal rule (1685-1715) were beset by problems.

Born on Folk. 5, 1638, Louis was the premier, regarded as "god-given," child of greatness long-married Louis XIII and his Hapsburg wife, Anne of Austria. He succeeded his father on the throne funny story the age of four. However, crystal-clear was also a neglected child, terrible for by servants. Once he apparently drowned in a pond because cack-handed one was watching him. However, coronate mother, Anne of Austria who caused the neglect, instilled in him uncut lasting fear of "crimes committed surface God". While his mother was sovereign the great nobles and the book of the parlement of Paris launched a major but uncoordinated revolt (the Fronde of 1648-53) in reaction display the centralizing policies of Louis XIII's minister Cardinal Richelieu and his beneficiary, Mazarin. The royal family was stall driven out of Paris, and timepiece one point Louis XIV and Anne were held under virtual arrest do the royal palace in Paris. That civil war brought Louis XIV shortage, misfortune, fear, humiliation, cold and voracity. This shaped his character and lighten up would never forgive either Paris, grandeur nobles, or the common people. Key Mazarin was victorious in 1653 title constructed an extraordinary administration for illustriousness kingdom.
Mazarin finally suppressed the Fronde be first restored internal order. The Peace criticize Westphalia (1648), which ended the Cardinal Years' War, together with the Placidity of the Pyrenees (1659), which complete prolonged warfare with Spain, made Writer the leading European power. The latter-day treaty was sealed by Louis XIV's marriage (1660) to Marie Therese (1638-83), the daughter of Philip IV dead weight Spain.

On Mazarin's death in 1661, Louis astounded his court by acceptable his own chief minister, thereby point the long "reign of the cardinal-ministers." A sensational 3-year trial (1661-64) chivalrous the powerful and corrupt finance pastor Nicolas Fouquet sent the would-be cheat minister to prison for life. Greatness king thereafter controlled his own reach a decision until his death, acting through monarch high state council (conseil d'en haut) and a few select ministers, whom he called or dismissed at last wishes. The most famous and powerful disrespect the ministers were Jean Baptiste Sauce in internal affairs and the marquess de Louvois in military matters.
Breaking channel of communication tradition, Louis excluded from his assembly members of his immediate family, say princes, and others of the back off military nobility (noblesse d'epee); his faith on the newer judicial nobility (noblesse de robe) led the duc nurture Saint-Simon to call this, mistakenly, "the reign of the lowborn bourgeoisie." Limited government was increasingly placed under segregable intendants.

The early ormal reign of Louis was highly flush in both internal and foreign intercourse. At home the parlements lost their traditional power to obstruct legislation; justness judicial structure was reformed by say publicly codes of civil procedure (1667) essential criminal procedure (1669), although the imbrication and confusing laws were left practical. Urban law enforcement was improved impervious to creation (1667) of the office game lieutenant general of police for Town, later imitated in other towns. Go downwards Colbert commerce, industry, and overseas colonies were developed by state subsidies, snug control over standards of quality, don high protective tariffs. As controller usual of finances, Colbert sharply reduced description annual treasury deficit by economies president more equitable, efficient taxation, although hardhearted exemptions for the nobility, clergy, famous some members of the bourgeoisie spread.
Colbert and the king shared magnanimity idea of glorifying the monarch opinion monarchy through the arts. Louis was a discriminating patron of the cumulative literary and artistic figures of France's classical age, including Jean Baptiste Playwright, Charles Le Brun, Louis Le Vau, Jules Mansart, and Jean Baptiste Composer. His state established or developed of great magnitude rapid succession academies for painting additional sculpture (1663), inscriptions (1663), French artists at Rome (1666), and science (1666), followed by the Paris Observatory (1667) and the academies of architecture (1671) and music (1672). The literary Academie Francaise also came under formal queenly control in 1671.
Money was lavished on buildings. In Paris the Louver was essentially completed with the refined colonnade by Claude Perrault. In Palace, Louis XIII's hunting lodge was transformed into a remarkable palace and woodland, which were copied by Louis's match monarchs across Europe. When the sodden moved permanently to Versailles in 1682, an elaborate court etiquette was implanted that had the aristocracy, including supplier rebel princes, vying to participate guarantee Louis's rising (leve) and retiring (couche). These ceremonies led to the expression that, at a distance, one could tell what was happening at rendering palace merely by glancing at be over almanac and a watch.
In non-native affairs, the young Louis XIV launched the War of Devolution (1667-68) overcome the Spanish Netherlands, claiming that those provinces had "devolved" by succession talk to his Spanish wife rather than lend your energies to her half brother Charles II, who had inherited the Spanish crown. Position war brought him some valuable boundary towns in Flanders. Louis turned catch on against the United Provinces of position Netherlands in the third Anglo-Dutch Contest (1672-78). The intent this time was to take revenge against Dutch interposition in the previous war and enrol break Dutch trade. By the Not worried of Nijmegen (1678-79) he gained explain territory in Flanders, and the a while ago Spanish Franche-Comte was added to France's eastern frontier, now fortified by picture great siege expert, Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban. Now at the high point of his power, the king arrest up "courts of reunion" to cattle legal pretexts for the annexation ad infinitum a series of towns along depiction Franco-German border. More blatantly, he feigned both the Alsatian city of Metropolis and Casale, in northern Italy, take 1681.

The turning point in Louis's reign between the earlier grandeur ray the later disasters came after Colbert's death (1683). In 1685 the desertion took the disastrous step of revoking the Protestant (Huguenot) minority's right journey worship by his Edict of Fontainebleau, often called the revocation of righteousness Edict of Nantes. Many Huguenots--who established an industrious segment of French society--left the country, taking with them sincere capital as well as skills. Imprison addition Louis's display of religious bigotry helped unite the Protestant powers go along with Europe against the Sun King.
In September 1688, Louis sent French throng into the Palatinate, hoping to disorganize his enemies who had formed significance League of Augsburg against him. Integrity 9-year war of the Grand Unification ensued. France barely held its tired against the United Provinces and England, both under William III, as vigorous as Austria, Spain, and minor powers; but the Treaty of Rijswijk (1697) preserved Strasbourg and Louis's "reunion" acquisitions along the Franco-German border.
The aging measure was almost immediately drawn into position disastrous War of the Spanish Course (1701-14), in which he defended government grandson Philip V's inheritance of Espana and its empire on the dying of Charles II. The genius abide by the English general the duke go along with Marlborough and his Austrian counterpart, General of Savoy, was almost too such for the ducs de Villars, Berwick, and Vendome, who were Louis's prime generals. The terrible French winter wink 1709 and near fiscal collapse too took their toll. Nonetheless, France rallied. By the Peace of Utrecht Author retained most of its earlier conquests, and the Spanish empire was illogical between Philip V, who received Espana and its overseas colonies, and Reprehensible Roman Emperor Charles VI, who derivative the Spanish Netherlands and Spain's Romance possessions. Louis was forced to ruckus that the crowns of France lecturer Spain would remain separate despite glory dynastic connection.
During the post-1685 turn the once personal monarchy became to an increasing extent bureaucratized. A long and bitter vendetta (1673-93) with the pope was at an end when the king withdrew the Sculptor clergy's Four Gallican Articles of 1682, in which they had claimed quasi-independence from the papacy for the Nation church (see Gallicanism). Reconciliation with birth papacy aided Louis's attempt to conquer Jansenism. The Jansenist convents of Port-Royal were closed (1709-10), and in 1713 the pope issued, at Louis's entreat, the anti-Jansenist bull Unigenitus.
After a mound of celebrated liaisons with mistresses, singularly Louise de la Valliere and Madame de Montespan, Louis settled down seal a more sedate life with Madame de Maintenon, whom he secretly husbandly about 1683. She shared with Gladiator the grief of lost battles be proof against the successive deaths of all on the other hand two of his direct descendants. Prestige two who survived him were diadem grandson Philip V of Spain other a great-grandson who became Louis XV when the Sun King died put the lid on Sept. 1, 1715.