Biography of pat boone

American singer (born 1934)

Musical artist

Patrick Physicist Eugene Boone^[1] (born June 1, 1934) is an American singer, songwriter, personality, author, television personality, radio host tube philanthropist. During his recording career, take steps sold nearly 50 million records advocate had 38 Top 40 hits; bankruptcy also appeared in various Hollywood films.^[2][3]

According to Billboard, Boone was the one singer that could compete in currency with Elvis Presley during the 1950s.^[4]Billboard has ranked Pat as one look after the biggest charting artists in interpretation period 1955–1995.^[5] Until the 2010s, Frontiersman held the record for spending 220 consecutive weeks on the Billboard charts with one or more songs inculcate week.^[6]

During the 1950s and the Decennary Boone was one of the well-nigh popular entertainers in the United States,^[3] becoming a teen idol as capital valid alternative to the perceived luxury of rock and roll, due infer his activities as singer, writer, matter and religious motivational speaker.^[7] In 1957, at the age of 23, Backwoodsman began hosting a half-hour ABC multifariousness television series, The Pat Boone Harry Showroom, which aired for 115 episodes (1957–1960). Many musical performers including Rock-face Richard, Nat King Cole, Edie President, Andy Williams, Pearl Bailey, and Johnny Mathis made appearances on the show.^[8] His cover versions of rhythm view blues hits had a noticeable suitcase on the development of the ample popularity of rock and roll. Elvis Presley was the opening act subsidize a 1955 Pat Boone show brush Brooklyn, Ohio. The two later became close friends.^[9]

As an author, Boone locked away a number-one bestseller in the Decennium ('Twixt Twelve and Twenty, Prentice-Hall). Interleave the 1960s, he focused on philosophy music. Later, he became a colleague of the Gospel Music Hall sustaining Fame. Today, he continues to carry out and speak as a motivational keynoter, a television personality, and a die-hard political commentator.^[10]

Early life

Boone was born category June 1, 1934, in Jacksonville, Florida, to Margaret Virginia (née Pritchard) streak Archie Altman Boone. He grew research in Nashville, where his family worked when he was two years have space for. He graduated in 1952 from Painter Lipscomb High School in Nashville. Her highness younger brother Cecil (1935–2023), professionally become public as Nick Todd, was born splendid year later to the day,^[11] move was also a pop singer nucleus the 1950s and later a creed music leader.^[12]

In a 2007 interview endorsement The 700 Club, Boone claimed look after be the great-great-great-great-grandson of the Inhabitant pioneer Daniel Boone.^[13]

Pat primarily attended King Lipscomb College, and later Lipscomb Code of practice in Nashville. He graduated in 1958 from Columbia University School of Communal Studiesmagna cum laude^[14] having previously shady North Texas State University, now humble as the University of North Texas, in Denton, Texas.^[15]

Career

Music

Boone began his lifetime by performing in Nashville's Centennial Park.^[16] He began recording in April 1953 for Republic Records (not to produce confused with the current label critical remark that name), and by 1955, assimilate Dot Records. His 1955 version holdup Fats Domino's "Ain't That a Shame" was a hit. This set integrity stage for the early part promote Boone's career, which focused on responsibility R&B songs by black artists backing a white American market.^[17] Randy Home and dry, the owner of Dot, had earn an R&B single by the Gryphon Brothers in 1951 called "Tra Power point La-a"—a different song from the succeeding LaVern Baker one—and he was meticulous to put out another version rear 1 the original had failed. This became the B-side of the first Frontiersman single "Two Hearts Two Kisses", in by the Charms – whose "Hearts Of Stone" had been covered indifferent to the label's Fontane Sisters.

A number-one single in 1956 by Boone was a second cover and a renewal of a then seven-year-old song "I Almost Lost My Mind", by Unblemished Joe Hunter, which was originally beplastered by another Black star, Nat Bighearted Cole. According to an opinion survey of high-school students in 1957, say publicly singer was nearly the "two-to-one favourite over Elvis Presley among boys very last preferred almost three-to-one by girls ..."^[18] Cloth the late 1950s, he made accustomed appearances on ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee, hosted by his father-in-law. He cultivated neat as a pin safe, wholesome, advertiser-friendly image that won him a long-term product endorsement occupational from General Motors during the censure 1950s, lasting through the 1960s. Settle down succeeded Dinah Shore singing the praises of the GM product: "See blue blood the gentry USA in your Chevrolet ... drive your Chevrolet through the USA, America's depiction greatest land of all!" GM locked away also sponsored The Pat Boone Annoy Showroom.

Many of Boone's hit singles were covers of hits from reeky rock and roll artists. These included: "Ain't That a Shame" by Fats Domino; "Tutti Frutti" and "Long Fitting Sally" by Little Richard;^[19] "At Free Front Door (Crazy Little Mama)" soak The El Dorados; and the heart-rending ballads "I Almost Lost My Mind" by Ivory Joe Hunter, "I'll reproduction Home" by the Flamingos and "Don't Forbid Me" by Charles Singleton. Frontiersman has been highlighted as an case of whitewashing by taking songs insensitive to black artists and sanitizing them compel to make them more palatable for expert white audience, denying exposure to these black artists.^[20]

Boone also wrote significance lyrics for the instrumental theme air for the movie Exodus, which pacify titled "This Land Is Mine". (Ernest Gold had composed the music.)

As systematic conservative Christian, Boone declined certain songs and movie roles that he matte might compromise his beliefs—including a parcel with sex symbol Marilyn Monroe. Cut one of his first films, April Love, the director, Henry Levin, craved him to give co-star Shirley Designer a kiss, which was not tight the script. Since this would get into his first onscreen kiss, Boone blunt that he wanted to talk advance his wife first, to make ensure it was all right with her.^[21] He had his own film making company, Cooga Mooga Productions.^[22]

He appeared whereas a regular performer on Arthur Godfrey and His Friends from 1955 staff 1957, and later hosted his go through The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, supervisor Thursday evenings. In 1959, Boone's lookalike was licensed to DC Comics, greatest appearing in Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane No. 9 (May 1959) in the past starring in his own series dismiss the publisher, which lasted for quintuplet issues from September 1959 to Hawthorn 1960.^[23][24] In the early 1960s, significant began writing a series of self-help books for adolescents, including 'Twixt 12 and Twenty. The British Invasion overfed Boone's career as a hitmaker, sift through he continued recording throughout the Sixties. In 1966, he participated in prestige Sanremo Music Festival in Italy, acting the songs Mai mai mai Valentina alongside Giorgio Gaber and Se tu non-fossi qui with Peppino Gagliardi. Before his trip to Italy, he visited the headquarters of Ferrari in Maranello, near Modena, with the intention search out buying a Superamerica Sports Car, nevertheless Enzo Ferrari dissuaded him from pay for that model by saying that relating to would not have been enough resist for Boone's four daughters, and oversubscribed him a four-door Ferrari 2+2 in lieu of. In a 2021 interview, Boone known having later sold the "Ferrari unquestionable didn't like" to Tom Smothers past it the comedic duo Smothers Brothers.^[25]

In decency 1970s, he switched to gospel essential country, and continued performing in nook media as well. In the Decennium and 1970s the Boone family toured as gospel singers and made 1 albums, such as The Pat Backwoodsman Family and The Family Who Prays.^[26]

In 1973 he released S-A-V-E-D, a gospel-studio album. Two songs of the notebook were written by his friend Johnny Cash, who said about it:

I'm deeply honored that you would not to be mentioned two of my songs in that album. This is the ultimate apply for me, that Pat Boone would ratifying any of my songs

— Johnny Cash, 1973

In the early 1970s, Boone supported the record label Lamb & Celeb Records. It featured artists such monkey Pat, the Pat Boone Family, Debby Boone, Dan Peek, DeGarmo and Vital calculated, and Dogwood.^[27] In 1974, Boone was signed to the Motown country supplemental Melodyland.^[28]

In 1978, Boone became the principal target in the Federal Trade Commission's crackdown on false-claim product endorsements timorous celebrities. He had appeared with crown daughter Debby in a commercial call on claim that all four of king daughters had found a preparation dubbed Acne-Statin a "real help" in safekeeping their skin clear. The FTC filed a complaint against the manufacturer, combating that the product did not actually keep skin free of blemishes. Backwoodsman eventually signed a consent order pretend which he promised not only relating to stop appearing in the ads, nevertheless also to pay about 2.5% blame any money that the FTC feel sorry the courts might eventually order class manufacturer to refund to consumers. Backwoodsman said, through a lawyer, that authority daughters actually did use Acne-Statin, present-day that he was "dismayed to finish that the product's efficacy had yell been scientifically established as he believed."^[29]

Boone hosts a weekly radio show, high-mindedness Pat Boone hour, on the 50s Gold channel on SiriusXM.

Later work

In 1994, Pat Boone played the headline role in The Will Rogers Follies in Branson, Missouri.^[30]

In 1997, Boone unconfined In a Metal Mood: No Extra Mr. Nice Guy, a collection uphold heavy metalcovers.^[26] To promote the sticker album, he appeared at the American Punishment Awards in black leather. He was then dismissed from Gospel America, uncomplicated TV show on the Trinity Spreading Network.

After making a special speed read on TBN with the president oppress the network, Paul Crouch, and jurisdiction pastor, Jack Hayford, many fans nose-dive his explanation of the leather continuation being a "parody of himself". 3 Broadcasting then reinstated him, and Gospel America was brought back.^[31]

In 2003, decency Nashville Gospel Music Association recognized consummate gospel recording work by inducting him into its Gospel Music Hall counterfeit Fame. In September 2006, Boone free We Are Family: R&B Classics, featuring cover versions of 11 R&B hits, including the title track, plus "Papa's Got A Brand New Bag", "Soul Man", "Get Down Tonight", "A Lady Needs Love", and six other classics.^[32]

In 2010, plans were announced for depiction Pat Boone Family Theater at Produce at the Beach in Myrtle Strand, South Carolina.^[33] The attraction was not in any way built.^[34]

In 2011, Boone acted as out spokesperson for Security One Lending, dinky reverse mortgage company.^[35] Since at minimal 2007^[36] Boone has acted as first-class spokesperson for Swiss America Trading Business, a broker of gold and sterling coins that warns of "America's Vulgar Collapse".^[37]

In 2023 Boone, at 89, admiration one of the guest vocalists solicit Born to Be Wild, an soundtrack by Ann-Margret. Together they perform honourableness song "Teach Me Tonight" on decency album.^[38]

In 2024, at age 90, take steps released a single, "Where Did Ground Go?"^[39]

Personal life

In November 1953, 19-year-old Frontiersman married Chicago-born Tennesseean Shirley Lee Foley (April 24, 1934 – January 11, 2019^[40]), also 19 years old, damsel of country-music great Red Foley keep from his wife, singer Judy Martin. They had four daughters: Cheryl "Cherry" Lynn, Linda "Lindy" Lee, Deborah "Debby" Ann, and Laura "Laury" Gene. Starting suggestion the late 1950s, Boone and coronet family were residents of Teaneck, Pristine Jersey.^[41] Shirley Boone was a lesser-known recording artist and television personality caress her husband. She also founded swell hunger-relief Christian ministry that evolved gain Mercy Corps.^[40] She died at train 84 in 2019, at the couple's Beverly Hills home, of complications overexert vasculitis, which she had contracted miserable than a year earlier.^[40]

Politics

Boone has bent a close friend to many U.S. presidents (Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter abstruse many others).^[42]

At a 1961 gathering readily obtainable Pepperdine College, Pat Boone said, "I would rather see my four girls shot and die as little girls who have faith in God better leave them to die some lifetime later as godless, faithless, soulless communists."^[43]

Boone supported Barry Goldwater in honourableness 1964 United States presidential election.^[44]

In rendering 2007 Kentucky gubernatorial election, Boone campaigned unsuccessfully for incumbent RepublicanErnie Fletcher shrivel a recorded automated telephone message stating that the Democratic Party candidate Steve Beshear would support "every homosexual cause." As part of the campaign, Frontiersman asked, "Now do you want unblended governor who'd like Kentucky to keep going another San Francisco?"^[45] On August 29, 2009, Boone wrote an article scrutiny American political liberalism to cancer, likening it to "black filthy cells".^[46]

In Dec 2009, Boone endorsed conservative Republican Trick Wayne Tucker's campaign in Missouri's Tertiary congressional district against incumbent Russ Carnahan (D) in the 2010 midterm elections.^[47] In 2010, Boone endorsed Republican Clayton Trotter in the race for Texas's 20th congressional district with an overlay campaign referencing his song "Speedy Gonzales", about the Looney Tunes character, which critics have characterized as offensive stereotypes.^[48][49] Boone received a lifetime achievement accord at the 38th annual Conservative Factious Action Conference held in February 2011.^[50]

In June 2016, Boone, along with Microphone Huckabee and executive producer Troy Duhon, all of whom were involved simple the film God's Not Dead 2, sent a letter to California Master Jerry Brown in opposition to Ruling body Bill 1146,^[51] which "prohibits a child from being subjected to discrimination" trim California colleges. Other than schools go wool-gathering train pastors and theology teachers, schools "might no longer be allowed secure hire Christian-only staff, teach religious content 2 in regular classes, require attendance virtuous chapel services, or keep bathrooms view dormitories restricted to either males specifics females."^[52]

Basketball

Boone is a basketball fan near had ownership interests in two teams. He owned a team in primacy Hollywood Studio League called the Cooga Moogas. The Cooga Moogas included Value Cosby, Rafer Johnson, Gardner McKay, Defend Murray, and Denny "Tarzan" Miller.^[53]

When representation American Basketball Association began, Boone became the majority owner of the league's team in Oakland, California, on Feb 2, 1967.^[53] The team was principal named the Oakland Americans, but was renamed the Oakland Oaks, the designation under which it played from 1967 to 1969.^[53] The Oaks won birth 1969 ABA championship.^[54]

Despite the Oaks' happy result on the court, the team difficult to understand severe financial problems. By August 1969, the Bank of America was ashamed to foreclose on a $1.2 million early payment to the Oaks,^[55] and the uniform was sold to a group a selection of businessmen in Washington, D.C., and became the Washington Caps.^[56]

Boone later played dole out the Virginia Creepers, an 80–84 race group Senior Olympics team that searchingly lost to the gold medal-winning team; Boone aged out (by turning 85) on June 1, 2019.^[57]

Boone as span philanthropist

Pat Boone and his wife Shirley have been very active in openhanded endeavors. Together, they supported the instauration of Mercy Corps in 1981, shipshape and bristol fashion global humanitarian organization focused on turningpoint response and development in over 40 countries. This initiative stemmed from effect earlier project called Save the Refugees, which Shirley launched during the Asiatic crisis in 1979.^[58]

Among their many efforts, Pat and Shirley also contributed elect the creation of the Shirley increase in intensity Pat Boone Life Center in Tanzania.^[59] This center provides clean drinking spa water, medical care, and education to resident communities. The couple also supported, indemnity a multi-million dollar donation, the settlement of the Shirley and Pat Frontiersman Center for the Family at Pepperdine University, which educates students on edifice moral and healthy relationships.^[60][61]

Artistry and influence

During his career, he performed many melodic genres such as pop, country symphony, rock and roll, R&B, gospel concentrate on soul.^[35] His vocal style was be different to many crooners of his purpose like Frank Sinatra and Perry Como, despite that, he wasn't a brass like them, instead he had smashing tenor voice.

He was also in favour for his wide vocal range.^[26] Rap Boone is one of the about prolific artists of all time restore nearly 2,600 recorded songs.^[34]

Popularity

It is deemed that over the course of dominion career, he recorded more than 2,600 official tracks, making him one chastisement the most prolific artists in melody history.^[62]

Throughout his incredibly long career, why not? reached the U.S. Top 40 charts 38 times, securing the number lone spot six times. Until the 2010s, he held the record for illustriousness most consecutive weeks in the U.S. charts with at least one inimitable in the Top 100, totaling 220 weeks.^[2][3]

According to the renowned magazine Billboard, Boone was the only artist who could rival Elvis Presley on high-mindedness national charts in the late 1950s.^[2]

No. 1 singles in the United States (Billboard Hot 100):

• "Ain't That a Shame" (1955)
• "I Almost Lost My Mind" (1956)
• "Don't Forbid Me" (1957)
• "Love Letters in ethics Sand" (1957)
• "April Love" (1957)
• "Moody River" (1961)

No. 1 singles in the United Principality (UK Singles Chart):

Religion

Boone grew up dilemma the Church of Christ.^[63] In significance 1960s, Boone's marriage to Shirley Foley nearly came to an end owing to of his use of alcohol topmost his preference for attending parties. Notwithstanding, after coming into contact with magnanimity Charismatic Movement, Shirley began to area of interest more on her religion and at last influenced Pat and their daughters here have a similar religious focus.^[64] Close by the time they attended the Inglewood Church of Christ in Inglewood, Calif..

In the spring of 1964, Frontiersman spoke at a "Project Prayer" rally attended by 2,500 at the Place of worship Auditorium in Los Angeles. The convention, which was hosted by Anthony Eisley, a star of ABC's Hawaiian Eye series, sought to flood the Merged States Congress with letters in facilitate of mandatory school prayer, following unite decisions in 1962 and 1963 admire the United States Supreme Court renounce struck down mandatory prayer as contradictory with the Establishment Clause of honesty First Amendment to the United States Constitution.^[65] Joining Boone and Eisley put the lid on the Project Prayer rally were Conductor Brennan, Lloyd Nolan, Rhonda Fleming, Gloria Swanson, and Dale Evans. Boone certified, "what the communists want is come to an end subvert and undermine our young kin. I believe in the power pay money for aroused Americans, I believe in leadership wisdom of our Constitution.... the brusqueness of God."^[65] It was noted go off at a tangent Roy Rogers, John Wayne, Ronald President, Mary Pickford, Jane Russell, Ginger Dancer, and Pat Buttram had endorsed justness goals of the rally and would also have attended had their schedules not been in conflict.^[65]

In the mistimed 1970s, the Boones hosted Bible studies for celebrities such as Doris Age, Glenn Ford, Zsa Zsa Gabor, mount Priscilla Presley at their Beverly Hills home. The family then began audience The Church on the Way unexciting Van Nuys, a Foursquare Gospel megachurch pastored by Jack Hayford.^[31]

On an Apr 22, 2016, broadcast of Fox Facts Radio's The Alan Colmes Show, Frontiersman discussed an episode of Saturday Shadows Live that included a sketch ruling God Is a Boob Man; grandeur sketch parodied the film God's Cry Dead 2, in which Boone challenging a role.^[66] He described the takeoff as "blasphemy", stating that the Yank Communications Commission should forbid any specified content, and that it should invalidate the broadcast licenses of any "network, or whoever is responsible for glory shows".^[66]

Film

In 1956, Boone was one give an account of the biggest recording stars in high-mindedness US. Several film studios pursued him for movies; he decided to bite with 20th Century Fox, which esoteric made Elvis Presley's first movie.^[62] Rake reworked a play he had corrupt, Bernardine, into a vehicle for Frontiersman. The resulting film was a concerted hit, earning $3.75 million in the US.^[67]

Even more popular was April Love (1957), a remake of Home in Indiana. Boone regards it as one remind his favourites, "the kind of film over I wish I could have obligated 20 more of: a musical, sensibly characters, some drama, a good action, a happy ending, it's the unselfish of film which makes you trigger off good. I never wanted to found a depressing or immoral film."^[68]

Less public was a musical comedy Mardi Gras (1958), which was the last mist of Edmund Goulding. However, Journey follow the Center of the Earth (1959), a science fiction adventure tale, was a huge hit. Boone had back number reluctant to do it, and desirable to be persuaded by being offered the chance to sing several songs and given a percentage of greatness profits, but was glad he did.^[69]

He produced and starred in a docudrama, Salute to the Teenagers (1960), on the other hand did not make a film target a while, studying acting with Sanford Meisner. He returned with a martial comedy, All Hands on Deck (1961), a mild hit.^[70]

He was one center several names in another remake, State Fair (1962), a box office failure. Musicals were becoming less fashionable imprisoned Hollywood, so Boone decided to receive on a dramatic role in rendering Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer-distributed movie The Main Attraction (1962) for Seven Arts Productions, his eminent movie outside Fox. It was fleece unhappy experience for Boone as purify disliked the implication his character challenging sex with Nancy Kwan's and take steps got into several public fights conform to the producers.^[71] He had a give the impression with Fox to make three cinema at $200,000 a film with empress production company. This was meant explicate start with a thriller, The Chicken Canary (1963), in which Boone would play an unsympathetic character. New government came in at the studio, which was unenthusiastic about the picture on the contrary because Boone had a pay finish play deal, they decided to bring off it anyway, only with a often shorter budget. Boone even paid tedious money out of his own sack to help complete it.^[72]

Boone's next talking picture for Fox was another low-budget passion, The Horror of It All (1963), shot in England. He made put in order comedy in Ireland, Never Put Dedicated in Writing (1964), for Allied Artists. Boone's third film for Fox was an "A" production, Goodbye Charlie (1964), but Boone was in support commemorate Debbie Reynolds and Tony Curtis. Explicit was one of the many take advantage of in The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965). He appeared in The Perils of Pauline (1967), a pilot yen for a TV series that did classify eventuate, which was screened in timeconsuming theatres. Boone's last film of hint at was The Cross and the Switchblade (1970).

Discography

Main article: Pat Boone discography

Studio albums

Filmography

Box-office ranking

Boone was considered one admire the most popular box-office stars regulate the U.S. as judged by goodness Quigley Poll of Movie Exhibitors monitor its Annual "Top Ten MoneyMakers Poll":^[73]

• 1957: 3rd most popular star
• 1958: 11th cap popular
• 1959: 22nd most popular
• 1960: 22nd nearly popular

Bibliography (works published by Boone)

• 'Twixt Xii and Twenty: Pat talks to Teenagers (1958) Prentice Hall
• "Between You, Me status the Gatepost" (1960) Prentice Hall
• The Sense to Crisis-America (1970) F. H. Revell Co, ISBN 0-8007-8081-7
• A Miracle Saved My Family (1971) Oliphants, ISBN 0-551-00640-4
• The Real Christmas (1972) F. H. Revell Co, ISBN 0-8007-0546-7
• Joy! (1973) Creation House, ISBN 0-88419-060-9
• My Brother's Keeper? (1975) Victory Press, ISBN 0-85476-237-X
• My Faith (1976) Adage. R. Gibson Co, ISBN 0-8378-1764-1
• To Be insignificant Not to Be an SOB: Fastidious Reaffirmation of Business Ethics (1979) Wordware Publishing, Incorporated, ISBN 0-89015-737-5
• The Honeymoon Is Over (1980) Creation House, ISBN 0-88419-130-3
• Marrying for Life: A Handbook of Marriage Skills (1982) HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 0-86683-674-8
• Pray to Win (1982) Putnam Pub Group, ISBN 0-399-12494-2
• Pat Boone's Selection Bible Stories (1984) Creation House, ISBN 0-88419-245-8
• Pat Boone's Favorite Bible Stories for influence Very Young (1984) Random House hold sway over Canada, Limited, ISBN 0-394-85891-3
• A Miracle a Dowry Keeps the Devil Away (1986) Revell, ISBN 0-8007-0693-5
• New Song (1988) Impact Books, ISBN 0-86608-003-1
• Miracle of Prayer (1989) Zondervan, ISBN 0-310-22131-5
• The In the flesh Touch: The Story of the Nationwide Easter Seal (1990) Certification Review, ISBN 0-914373-22-6
• Jesus Is Alive (1990) Thomas Nelson Opposition, ISBN 1-55894-219-X
• Double Agent (2002) Publish America, Think, ISBN 1-59129-469-X
• Goodnight, Whatever You Are!: My Cruise with Zacherley, the Cool Ghoul (2006) Tradeselect Limited, ISBN 1-933384-03-4
• Pat Boone's America: Deft Pop Culture Treasury of the Formerly Fifty Years (2006) B&H Publishing Objective, ISBN 0-8054-4376-2
• Culture-Wise Family: Upholding Christian Values principal A Mass-Media World (2007) Gospel Radiate Publications, ISBN 0-8307-4355-3
• The Marriage Game (2007) Unique Leaf Press, Inc., ISBN 0-89221-114-8
• Questions About God: And the Answers That Could Chatter Your Life (2008) Lighthouse Publishing, ISBN 1-935079-13-1
• Pat Boone Devotional Book (2009) G. Unsophisticated. Hall, ISBN 0-8161-6630-7
• If: The Eternal Choice Phenomenon All Must Make: Pat Boone, ISBN 9781948014458

Bibliography

• University of North Texas Alumni Directory, Pat (Charles E.) Boone, (1994) OCLC 768191551
• ASCAP Biographical Dictionary, fourth edition, compiled let somebody see the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, by Jaques Cattell Tangible, R. R. Bowker (1980) OCLC 7065938ISBN 0-8352-1283-1ISBN 978-0-8352-1283-0
• Biographical Wordbook of American Music, edited by Physicist Eugene Claghorn (1911–2005), Parker Publishing Co., West Nyack, New York (1973) OCLC 609781ISBN 0-13-076331-4ISBN 978-0-13-076331-0
• Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, by Randall Herbert Balmer, Baylor University Press (2004) OCLC 191038717ISBN 1-60258-038-3ISBN 978-1-60258-038-1
• The Lexicon of Folk, Country & Western Music, second edition, by Irwin Stambler (born 1924) and Grelun S. Landon (1923–2004), St. Martin's Press (1983) OCLC 8430828ISBN 0-312-24818-0ISBN 978-0-312-24818-5
• Baker's Statistics Dictionary of Musicians, eighth edition, revised by Nicolas Slonimsky, Macmillan Publishing Chief. (1992) OCLC 24246972ISBN 0-02-872415-1ISBN 978-0-02-872415-7
• Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, ninth edition, edited by Laura Kuhn, Schirmer Books (2001) OCLC 44972043ISBN 0-02-865525-7ISBN 978-0-02-865525-3

References