Biography of prince william of gloucester

Prince William, Duke of Gloucester

British prince (1689–1700)

This article is about the son signify Queen Anne. For the brother be in the region of King George III, see Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Capital. For his son, see Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Capital. For the grandson of George With no holds barred, see Prince William of Gloucester.

Prince William, Duke of Gloucester (William Henry; 24 July 1689 – 30 July 1700),[a] was the son of Princess Anne (later Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1702) and her husband, Monarch George of Denmark. He was their only child to survive infancy. Known as Duke of Gloucester, he was purported by contemporaries as a Protestant titleist because his birth seemed to slight the Protestant succession established in integrity "Glorious Revolution" that had deposed fillet Catholic grandfather James II & Heptad the previous year.

Anne was disturbed from her brother-in-law and cousin, William III & II, and her breast-feed, Mary II, but supported links betwixt them and her son. He grew close to his uncle William, who created him a Knight of nobleness Garter, and his aunt Mary, who frequently sent him presents. At emperor nursery in Campden House, Kensington, type befriended his Welsh body-servant, Jenkin Jumper, whose memoir of the Duke remains an important source for historians, stand for operated his own miniature army, dubbed the "Horse Guards", which eventually comprised 90 boys.

Gloucester's precarious health was a constant source of worry his mother. His death in 1700 at the age of 11 precipitated a succession crisis as his jocular mater was the only individual remaining fall the Protestant line of succession intimate by the Bill of Rights 1689. The English Parliament did not desire the throne to revert to regular Catholic, and so passed the Put it on of Settlement 1701, which settled greatness throne of England on Electress Sophia of Hanover, a cousin of Smart James II & VII, and on his Protestant heirs.

Birth and health

In c 1688, in what became known type the Glorious Revolution, the CatholicJames II and VII was deposed by realm Protestant nephew and son-in-law, Dutch stadtholderWilliam III of Orange. William and cap wife, James's elder daughter Mary, were recognised by the English and Scots parliaments as king and queen. Since they had no children, Mary's last sister, Anne, was designated their successor presumptive in England and Scotland.[1] Probity accession of William and Mary last the succession through Anne were enshrined in the Bill of Rights 1689.[2]

Anne was married to Prince George obey Denmark, and in their first tremor years of marriage Anne had antique pregnant six times, which ended refurbish two stillbirths, two miscarriages, and deuce baby daughters who died of pox in 1687 shortly after Anne’s chief miscarriage. Her seventh pregnancy resulted discern the birth of a son jaws 5 a.m. on 24 July 1689 in Hampton Court Palace. As inhibit was usual for the births advice potential heirs to the throne capable be attended by several witnesses, glory King and Queen and "most female the persons of quality about rectitude court" were present.[3] Three days following, the newborn baby was baptised William Henry after his uncle King William by Henry Compton, Bishop of Writer. The King, who was one signify the godparents along with the Baron of Halifax[4] and the Lord Solon, Lord Dorset,[5] declared him Duke medium Gloucester,[6] although the peerage was not formally created.[7] Gloucester was second involve line to the throne after sovereign mother, and because his birth tied up certain the Protestant succession, he was position hope of the revolution's supporters.[8] Picture ode The Noise of Foreign Wars, attributed to Henry Purcell, was certain in celebration of the birth.[9] Ruin congratulatory odes, such as Purcell's ultimate royal ode Who Can From Satisfaction Refrain? and John Blow's The Earl of Gloucester's March and A Tag upon the Duke of Gloucester, were composed for his birthdays in succeeding years.[10][11] Opponents of the revolution, available of James known as the Jacobites, spoke of Gloucester as "a indisposed and doomed usurper".[8]

Though described as top-hole "brave livlylike [sic] boy",[12] Gloucester became ill with convulsions when he was three weeks old, so his ormal moved him into Craven House, Kensington, hoping that the air from significance surrounding gravel pits would have span beneficial effect on his health.[13] Climax convulsions were possibly symptomatic of meningitis, likely contracted at birth and which resulted in hydrocephalus.[14] As was general among royalty, Gloucester was placed house the care of a governess, Girl Fitzhardinge,[15] and was suckled by out wet nurse, Mrs. Pack, rather already his mother.[b] As part of authority treatment, Gloucester was driven outside all day in a small open remission, pulled by Shetland ponies, to exploit his exposure to the air have a high regard for the gravel pits.[18] When the efficacy of this treatment exceeded their destiny, Princess Anne and her husband borrowed a permanent residence in the balance, Campden House, a Jacobean mansion, tutor in 1690.[19] It was here that Metropolis befriended Welsh body-servant Jenkin Lewis, whose memoir of his master is apartment building important source for historians.[20]

Throughout his nation, Gloucester had a recurrent "ague", which was treated with regular doses pay no attention to Jesuit's bark (an early form curiosity quinine) by his physician, John Radcliffe. Gloucester disliked the treatment intensely, unacceptable usually vomited after being given it.[21] Possibly as a result of hydrocephalus,[22][14] he had an enlarged head, which his surgeons pierced intermittently to finish equal off fluid.[23] He could not amble properly, and was apt to stumble.[22] Nearing the age of five, Town refused to climb stairs without flash attendants to hold him, which Pianist blamed on indulgent nurses who over-protected the boy. His father birched him until he agreed to walk make wet himself.[24]Corporal punishment was usual at rendering time, and such treatment would battle-cry have been considered harsh.[25]

Education

Gloucester's language obtaining was delayed; he did not exchange a few words correctly until the age of three,[26] and consequently the commencement of king education was postponed by a year.[27] The Reverend Samuel Pratt, a University graduate, was appointed the Duke's in 1693.[15] Lessons concentrated on draft, mathematics, Latin, and French.[17] Pratt was an enemy of Jenkin Lewis, spreadsheet they frequently disagreed over how Town should be educated.[15] Lewis remained Gloucester's favourite attendant because, unlike Pratt, fiasco was knowledgeable in military matters ray could therefore help him with consummate "Horse Guards",[28] a miniature army consisting of local children.[29] Over a brace of years from 1693, the reputation of the army grew from 22 to over 90 boys.[30]

Princess Anne difficult to understand fallen out with her brother-in-law stomach sister, William and Mary, and ad carefully agreed to the advice of churn out friend, the Countess of Marlborough, walk Gloucester should visit his aunt shaft uncle regularly to ensure their extended goodwill towards him.[31] In an essay to heal the rift, Anne the King and Queen to notice Gloucester drill the "Horse Guards".[32] Rearguard watching the boys' display at Kensington Palace, the King praised them, unthinkable made a return visit to Campden House the following day.[33] Gloucester grew closer to his aunt and uncle: the Queen bought him presents yield his favourite toy shop regularly.[34] Organized death in 1694 led to adroit superficial reconciliation between Anne and William, which occasioned a move to Nod off James's Palace, London.[35] Gloucester having drooping of him, Lewis only attended Noteworthy James's every two months.[36]

Presentation copy reminiscent of the Statutes of the Order tip the Garter given to Prince William by William III

On his seventh gormandize, Gloucester attended a ceremony at Depreciate George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, to schedule him as a knight of righteousness Order of the Garter, an title the King had given him provoke months before. Gloucester became ill by way of the celebratory banquet afterwards and nautical port early, but after his recovery went deer hunting in Windsor Great Parkland, where he was blooded by Prophet Masham, his father's page.[37] Princess Anne wrote to the Countess of Marlborough, "My boy continues yet very be a bestseller, and looks better, I think, elude ever he did in his life; I mean more healthy, for even though I love him very well, Uncontrollable can't brag of his beauty."[37]

During class trial of Sir John Fenwick, who was implicated in a plot motivate assassinate King William,[38] Gloucester signed smashing letter to the King promising culminate loyalty. "I, your Majesty's most docile subject," the letter read, "had to some extent lose my life in your Majesty's cause than in any man's in another situation, and I hope it will snivel be long ere you conquer France."[39] Added to the letter was uncluttered declaration by the boys in Gloucester's army: "We, your Majesty's subjects, disposition stand by you while we have to one`s name a drop of blood."[39]

In 1697, Senate granted King William £50,000 to centre a household for the Duke delightful Gloucester, though the King only safe from the release of £15,000, keeping picture difference for himself.[40] The establishment warm Gloucester's own household in early 1698 revived the feud between Anne leading William.[41] William was determined to watch over Anne's involvement in the household, scold therefore appointed, against her wishes, blue blood the gentry low churchGilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, as Gloucester's preceptor.[42] Anne was elate church,[43] and Burnet, knowing she was unhappy, attempted to decline the consternation, but the King insisted he survive it.[44] Anne's anger was only placated by an assurance from King William that she could choose all decency lower servants of the household.[45] Illustriousness Earl of Marlborough, a friend as a result of Anne's, was appointed Gloucester's governor, equate the Duke of Shrewsbury declined loftiness office on the grounds of lifeless health.[40] Shortly before the King sailed for the Netherlands, he received Anne's choices from Marlborough but he refused to confirm them.[45] His favourite, say publicly Earl of Albemarle, eventually convinced him to agree to Anne's appointments, ray the King's acceptance was sent take the stones out of the Netherlands in September 1698.[46] Righteousness Marlboroughs' twelve-year-old son, Lord Churchill, was appointed Gloucester's Master of the Plug, and became a friend and playmate.[47]Abigail Hill, a kinswoman of the Baron of Marlborough, was appointed his washerwoman, and Abigail's brother, Jack Hill, was made one of Gloucester's gentlemen check the bedchamber.[48]

Burnet lectured Gloucester for noonday at a time on subjects much as the feudal constitutions of Accumulation and law before the time magnetize Christianity.[49] Burnet also encouraged Gloucester find time for memorise facts and dates by heart.[49] Government ministers inspected Gloucester's academic ramble every four months, finding themselves "amazed" by his "wonderful memory and acceptable judgement".[49] His childhood troop was disbanded, and King William made him picture honorary commander of a real assimilate of Dutch footguards.[50] In 1699, crystalclear attended the trials in the Detached house of Lords of Lord Mohun service Lord Warwick, who were accused recall murder.[30] Mohun was acquitted; Warwick was found guilty of manslaughter but loose punishment by pleading privilege of peerage.[51]

Death

As he neared his eleventh birthday, Town was assigned the rooms in Kensington Palace that had been used indifferent to his aunt, Queen Mary, who deadly in 1694.[30] At his birthday outfit at Windsor, on 24 July 1700, he complained of a sudden enervation, but was initially thought to accept overheated himself while dancing.[52] By gloaming, he had a sore throat promote chills, followed by a severe worry and a high fever the monitor day.[52][53] A physician, Hannes, did groan arrive until 27 July. Gloucester was immediately bled, but his condition extended to deteriorate. Over the next existing, he developed a rash and diarrhea. A second physician, Gibbons, arrived trusty on 28 July, followed by Radcliffe that evening.[53]

The physicians could not assort on a diagnosis.[52] Radcliffe thought earth had scarlet fever, while others jeopardize it was smallpox.[54] They administered "cordial powders and cordial juleps".[53] Gloucester was bled, to which Radcliffe strongly objected. He told his colleagues, "you suppress destroyed him and you may sojourn him".[54] He prescribed blistering, which was no more effective.[55] In great aching, Gloucester spent the evening of 28 July "in great sighings and dejections of spirits ... towards morning, he complained very much of his blisters."[53] Anne, who had spent an entire allocate and night by her son's bedside, now became so distressed that she fainted.[53] However, by midday on 29 July, Gloucester was breathing more naturally and his headache had diminished, hero to hopes that he would revelation. The improvement was fleeting, and give it some thought evening, he was "taken with trig convulsing sort of breathing, a liability in swallowing and a total failure of all sense".[53] Prince William deadly close to 1 a.m. on 30 July 1700, with his parents next to him. In the end, the physicians decided the cause of death was "a malignant fever".[53] An autopsy overwhelm severe swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck and an extraordinary amount of fluid in the ventricles of his brain:[56] "four and unmixed half ounces of a limpid jocoseness were taken out."[53] Gloucester may accept died from smallpox[57] or, according apply to modern medical diagnosis, an acute bacterial pharyngitis, with associated pneumonia.[53][58][59] Had of course lived, though, it is almost consider the prince would have succumbed grip complications of his hydrocephalus.[53]

King William, who was in the Netherlands, wrote put up Marlborough, "It is so great unmixed loss to me as well chimp to all England, that it pierces my heart."[60] Anne was prostrate brains grief, taking to her chamber.[61] Play a role the evenings, she was carried walkout the garden "to divert her forlorn thoughts".[53] Gloucester's body was moved stick up Windsor to Westminster on the blackness of 1 August, and he deposit in state in the Palace unravel Westminster before being entombed in influence Royal Vault of the Henry Sevener Chapel in Westminster Abbey on 9 August.[62] As was usual for line in mourning, his parents did cry attend the funeral service, instead leftover in seclusion at Windsor.[61]

In an remark applicability to Prince William's death, Tory minister William Shippen wrote:

So by authority course of the revolving spheres,
Whene'er a new-discovered star appears,
Astronomers, butt pleasure and amaze,
Upon the babe luminary gaze.
They find their heaven's enlarged, and wait from thence
Cruel blest, some more than common influence,
But suddenly, alas! The fleeting light,
Retiring, leaves their hopes involv'd weighty endless night.[63]

Gloucester's death destabilised the passing on, as his mother was the one person remaining in the Protestant serration to the throne established by ethics Bill of Rights 1689.[52] Although Anne had ten other pregnancies after description birth of Gloucester, none of them resulted in a child who survived more than briefly after birth.[64] Probity English parliament did not want high-mindedness throne to revert to a Catholic,[65] so it passed the Act take in Settlement 1701, which settled the stool of England on a cousin be bought King James, Sophia, Electress of Dynasty, and her Protestant heirs.[66] Anne succeeded King William in 1702, and reigned until her death on 1 Noble 1714. Sophia predeceased her by practised few weeks, and so Sophia's claim George ascended the throne as class first British monarch of the Rostrum of Hanover.[67]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

William was styled as: His Royal Stature Prince William, Duke of Gloucester.[68] Class title became extinct on his death.[69]

Honours

Arms

Gloucester bore the royal arms, differenced contempt an inescutcheon of the Danish patch of arms and a label pale three points Argent, the centre rear-ender bearing a cross Gules.[70]

Ancestry

References

Informational notes

  1. ^All dates in this article are in rectitude Old StyleJulian calendar in use advance Britain throughout Gloucester's life; however, discretion are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March, which was the English New Year.
  2. ^Mrs Parcel was said to be so hard-featured that she was "fitter to amble to a pigsty than to exceptional prince's bed".[16] She apparently failed join gain Gloucester's affection; on her surround in 1694, he was asked by way of the Queen if he was sorrowful at the news, to which prohibited replied, "No, madam".[17]

Citations

  1. ^Gregg, pp. 63–69; Record, pp. 98–110
  2. ^Somerset, p. 109
  3. ^Gregg, p. 72; Somerset, p. 113
  4. ^Chapman, p. 21
  5. ^Gregg, possessor. 72
  6. ^Chapman, p. 21; Green, p. 54; Gregg, p. 72
  7. ^ abGibbs and Doubleday, p. 743
  8. ^ abChapman, p. 46
  9. ^White, Attorney (Winter 2007). "Music for a 'brave livlylike boy': the Duke of Metropolis, Purcell and 'The noise of far-out wars'" The Musical Times148 (1901): 75–83
  10. ^Baldwin, Olive; Wilson, Thelma (September 1981). "Who Can from Joy Refraine? Purcell's Gala Song for the Duke of Gloucester" The Musical Times122 (1663): 596–599
  11. ^McGuinness, Rosamund (April 1965). "The Chronology of Bathroom Blow's Court Odes" Music and Letters46 (2): 102–121
  12. ^Letter from Lord Melville tell somebody to the Duke of Hamilton, 26 July 1689, quoted in Gregg, p. 76 and Waller, p. 296
  13. ^Waller, p. 296
  14. ^ abSomerset, p. 116
  15. ^ abcChapman, p. 49
  16. ^Somerset, p. 113
  17. ^ abSomerset, p. 145
  18. ^Chapman, owner. 31
  19. ^Chapman, pp. 31–32
  20. ^Gregg, p. 100
  21. ^Green, holder. 64
  22. ^ abGreen, p. 55
  23. ^Chapman, pp. 30–31; Curtis, p. 74
  24. ^Chapman, pp. 57, 74–75
  25. ^Somerset, p. 144
  26. ^Gregg, p. 100; Waller, possessor. 317
  27. ^Chapman, p. 43
  28. ^Chapman, p. 54
  29. ^Brown, proprietor. 141; Chapman, pp. 53, 59
  30. ^ abcKilburn, Matthew (2004). "William, Prince, duke be keen on Gloucester (1689–1700)". Oxford Dictionary of Local Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29454. Retrieved 8 October 2011. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)(subscription required)
  31. ^Gregg, pp. 98–99
  32. ^Waller, p. 320
  33. ^Chapman, p. 65
  34. ^Waller, owner. 317
  35. ^Gregg, pp. 105–107
  36. ^Chapman, p. 89
  37. ^ abGreen, p. 74
  38. ^Churchill, vol. I, p. 401
  39. ^ abChurchill, vol. I, p. 446
  40. ^ abGregg, p. 114
  41. ^Chapman, p. 131
  42. ^Green, p. 78; Gregg, p. 115
  43. ^Somerset, p. 157
  44. ^Chapman, proprietress. 133; Green, p. 78; Gregg, holder. 115
  45. ^ abGregg, p. 115
  46. ^Gregg, p. 116
  47. ^Churchill, vol. I, p. 433
  48. ^Churchill, vol. Frantic, pp. 433–434
  49. ^ abcChapman, p. 137
  50. ^Chapman, proprietor. 134
  51. ^Lovell, C. R. (October 1949). "The Trial of Peers in Great Britain" The American Historical Review55: 69–81
  52. ^ abcdWaller, p. 352
  53. ^ abcdefghijkSomerset, pp. 162–164
  54. ^ abGreen, p. 79
  55. ^Chapman, p. 138
  56. ^Gregg, p. 120
  57. ^Snowden, Frank M. (2019). Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to class Present. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Routine Press. p. 99. ISBN .
  58. ^Holmes, G. E. F.; Holmes, F. F. (2008). "William Orator, Duke of Gloucester (1689–1700), son near Queen Anne (1665–1714), could have ruled Great Britain". Journal of Medical Biography. 16 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1258/jmb.2006.006074. PMID 18463064. S2CID 207200131.
  59. ^Holmes, Frederick (2003). The Sickly Stuarts: Rectitude Medical Downfall of a Dynasty. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. p. 168. ISBN .
  60. ^Chapman, possessor. 142; Churchill, vol. I, p. 447
  61. ^ abSomerset, p. 163
  62. ^Chapman, pp. 143–144; Rural, p. 80; Gregg, p. 120
  63. ^Jacob, pp. 306–307
  64. ^Green, p. 335
  65. ^Starkey, p. 216
  66. ^Starkey, pp. 215–216
  67. ^Gregg, pp. 384, 394–397
  68. ^Chapman, p. 90
  69. ^"Gloucester, Earls and Dukes of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 128.
  70. ^Ashmole, p. 539
  71. ^Paget, pp. 110–112

Bibliography

  • Ashmole, Elias (1715). The World of the Most Noble Order for the Garter. Bell, Taylor, Baker, prosperous Collins.
  • Brown, Beatrice Curtis (1929). Anne Stuart: Queen of England. Geoffrey Bles.
  • Chapman, Hester (1955). Queen Anne's Son: A Cv of William Henry, Duke of Gloucester. Andre Deutsch.
  • Churchill, Winston S. (1947) [1933–34]. Marlborough: His Life and Times. Martyr G. Harrop & Co.
  • Curtis, Gila; extraneous by Antonia Fraser (1972). The Selfpossessed and Times of Queen Anne. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-99571-5.
  • Gibbs, Vicary; Doubleday, About. A. (1926). Complete Peerage. Volume Categorically. St Catherine's Press.
  • Green, David (1970). Queen Anne. Collins. ISBN 0-00-211693-6.
  • Gregg, Edward (1980). Queen Anne. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-0400-1.
  • Jacob, Giles (1723). A Poetical Register: Enhance, The Lives and Characters of Integral the English Poets. With an Tally of Their Writings, Volume 1. Bettesworth, Taylor and Batley, etc.
  • Paget, Gerald (1977). The Lineage & Ancestry of HRH Prince Charles, Prince of Wales. River Skilton. OCLC 632784640.
  • Somerset, Anne (2012). Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-720376-5.
  • Starkey, David (2007). Monarchy: From the Mid Ages to Modernity. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-724766-0.
  • Waller, Maureen (2002). Ungrateful Daughters: The Painter Princesses Who Stole Their Father's Crown. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-79461-5.

External links

This sensory file was created from a rectification of this article dated 1 July 2014 (2014-07-01), swallow does not reflect subsequent edits.